diff --git a/Changes b/Changes
index 222ff09..f06d174 100755
--- a/Changes
+++ b/Changes
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 0.21 2016-07-04
 	- Use textSigle for API communication instead of
 	  {corpus,doc,text}ID.
+  - Added alert to hint helper.
+	- Improved menu creation.
+	- Introduced benchmark system.
 
 0.20 2016-05-25
 	- Improved menu using sliders.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 952fa70..dd517f0 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -97,6 +97,12 @@
 by Dave Gandy
 is released under the terms of the
 [SIL OFL 1.1](http://scripts.sil.org/OFL).
+[Benchmark.js](https://benchmarkjs.com/)
+is released under the terms of the MIT License.
+[lodash](https://lodash.com/)
+is released under the terms of the MIT License.
+[Platform.js](https://mths.be/platform/)
+is released under the terms of the MIT License.
 
 
 ### Original Software
diff --git a/dev/demo/alldemo.js b/dev/demo/alldemo.js
index 25aade7..28d683b 100644
--- a/dev/demo/alldemo.js
+++ b/dev/demo/alldemo.js
@@ -213,7 +213,6 @@
   ["<root-POS>","<root-POS>","Root Part of Speech"]
 );
 
-
 var vcExample = {
   "@type":"koral:docGroup",
   "operation":"operation:or",
diff --git a/dev/demo/menudemo.js b/dev/demo/menudemo.js
index 2180634..29d5c1b 100644
--- a/dev/demo/menudemo.js
+++ b/dev/demo/menudemo.js
@@ -60,10 +60,14 @@
    * Create own menu class.
    */
   var OwnMenu = {
-    create : function (params) {
+    create : function (list) {
       var obj = Object.create(menuClass)
       .upgradeTo(this)
-      ._init(OwnMenuItemClass, OwnPrefixClass, lengthFieldClass, params);
+      ._init(list, {
+	itemClass : OwnMenuItemClass,
+	prefixClass : OwnPrefixClass,
+	lengthFieldClass : lengthFieldClass
+      });
       obj._firstActive = true;
       return obj;
     }
diff --git a/dev/js/bench/benchmark.js b/dev/js/bench/benchmark.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78b7df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/js/bench/benchmark.js
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+
+function addToBody (msg) {
+  var body = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];
+  var p = body.appendChild(document.createElement('p'))
+  p.appendChild(document.createTextNode(msg));
+};
+
+define({
+  menuSuite : function (menuClass) {
+    // add tests
+    var suite = new Benchmark.Suite;
+    var menu;
+    suite.add('Menu#creation', function () {
+
+      menu = menuClass.create([
+	['Titel', 'title'],
+	['Untertitel', 'subTitle'],
+	['Veröffentlichungsdatum', 'pubDate'],
+	['Länge', 'length'],
+	['Autor', 'author']
+      ]);
+
+      menu.limit(3).show();
+    });
+
+    suite.add('Menu#next', function () {
+      // Some actions
+      menu.next();
+    });
+
+    suite.add('Menu#prev', function () {
+      menu.prev();
+    });
+
+    suite.add('Menu#paging', function () {
+      var j = 0;
+      while (j < 2) {
+	var i = 0;
+	while (i < 5) {
+	  menu.pageUp();
+	  i++;
+	};
+	while (i > 0) {
+	  menu.pageDown();
+	  i--;
+	};
+	j++;
+      };
+    });
+
+    suite.add('Menu#prefix', function () {
+      menu.prefix('e').show(4);
+      menu.next();
+      menu.next();
+      menu.next();
+      menu.prev();
+      menu.prev();
+      menu.prev();
+    });
+
+    suite.on('error', function(event) {
+      console.log(event.target.error);
+    });
+    suite.on('cycle', function(event) {
+      addToBody(String(event.target));
+    });
+
+    return suite;
+  }
+});
diff --git a/dev/js/lib/benchmark.js b/dev/js/lib/benchmark.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ecce1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/js/lib/benchmark.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2808 @@
+/*!
+ * Benchmark.js v2.0.0 <http://benchmarkjs.com/>
+ * Copyright 2010-2016 Mathias Bynens <http://mths.be/>
+ * Based on JSLitmus.js, copyright Robert Kieffer <http://broofa.com/>
+ * Modified by John-David Dalton <http://allyoucanleet.com/>
+ * Available under MIT license <http://mths.be/mit>
+ */
+;(function() {
+  'use strict';
+
+  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments. */
+  var undefined;
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object. */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true
+  };
+
+  /** Used as a reference to the global object. */
+  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `define`. */
+  var freeDefine = typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd && define;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports`. */
+  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module`. */
+  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root`. */
+  var freeGlobal = freeExports && freeModule && typeof global == 'object' && global;
+  if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal)) {
+    root = freeGlobal;
+  }
+
+  /** Detect free variable `require`. */
+  var freeRequire = typeof require == 'function' && require;
+
+  /** Used to assign each benchmark an incremented id. */
+  var counter = 0;
+
+  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports`. */
+  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;
+
+  /** Used to detect primitive types. */
+  var rePrimitive = /^(?:boolean|number|string|undefined)$/;
+
+  /** Used to make every compiled test unique. */
+  var uidCounter = 0;
+
+  /** Used to assign default `context` object properties. */
+  var contextProps = [
+    'Array', 'Date', 'Function', 'Math', 'Object', 'RegExp', 'String', '_',
+    'clearTimeout', 'chrome', 'chromium', 'document', 'navigator', 'phantom',
+    'platform', 'process', 'runtime', 'setTimeout'
+  ];
+
+  /** Used to avoid hz of Infinity. */
+  var divisors = {
+    '1': 4096,
+    '2': 512,
+    '3': 64,
+    '4': 8,
+    '5': 0
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * T-Distribution two-tailed critical values for 95% confidence.
+   * For more info see http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3672.htm.
+   */
+  var tTable = {
+    '1':  12.706, '2':  4.303, '3':  3.182, '4':  2.776, '5':  2.571, '6':  2.447,
+    '7':  2.365,  '8':  2.306, '9':  2.262, '10': 2.228, '11': 2.201, '12': 2.179,
+    '13': 2.16,   '14': 2.145, '15': 2.131, '16': 2.12,  '17': 2.11,  '18': 2.101,
+    '19': 2.093,  '20': 2.086, '21': 2.08,  '22': 2.074, '23': 2.069, '24': 2.064,
+    '25': 2.06,   '26': 2.056, '27': 2.052, '28': 2.048, '29': 2.045, '30': 2.042,
+    'infinity': 1.96
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Critical Mann-Whitney U-values for 95% confidence.
+   * For more info see http://www.saburchill.com/IBbiology/stats/003.html.
+   */
+  var uTable = {
+    '5':  [0, 1, 2],
+    '6':  [1, 2, 3, 5],
+    '7':  [1, 3, 5, 6, 8],
+    '8':  [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13],
+    '9':  [2, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17],
+    '10': [3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23],
+    '11': [3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 30],
+    '12': [4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 26, 29, 33, 37],
+    '13': [4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 33, 37, 41, 45],
+    '14': [5, 9, 13, 17, 22, 26, 31, 36, 40, 45, 50, 55],
+    '15': [5, 10, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 39, 44, 49, 54, 59, 64],
+    '16': [6, 11, 15, 21, 26, 31, 37, 42, 47, 53, 59, 64, 70, 75],
+    '17': [6, 11, 17, 22, 28, 34, 39, 45, 51, 57, 63, 67, 75, 81, 87],
+    '18': [7, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 55, 61, 67, 74, 80, 86, 93, 99],
+    '19': [7, 13, 19, 25, 32, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 92, 99, 106, 113],
+    '20': [8, 14, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76, 83, 90, 98, 105, 112, 119, 127],
+    '21': [8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 58, 65, 73, 80, 88, 96, 103, 111, 119, 126, 134, 142],
+    '22': [9, 16, 23, 30, 38, 45, 53, 61, 69, 77, 85, 93, 101, 109, 117, 125, 133, 141, 150, 158],
+    '23': [9, 17, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 73, 81, 89, 98, 106, 115, 123, 132, 140, 149, 157, 166, 175],
+    '24': [10, 17, 25, 33, 42, 50, 59, 67, 76, 85, 94, 102, 111, 120, 129, 138, 147, 156, 165, 174, 183, 192],
+    '25': [10, 18, 27, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80, 89, 98, 107, 117, 126, 135, 145, 154, 163, 173, 182, 192, 201, 211],
+    '26': [11, 19, 28, 37, 46, 55, 64, 74, 83, 93, 102, 112, 122, 132, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 200, 210, 220, 230],
+    '27': [11, 20, 29, 38, 48, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 118, 125, 138, 147, 158, 168, 178, 188, 199, 209, 219, 230, 240, 250],
+    '28': [12, 21, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 101, 111, 122, 132, 143, 154, 164, 175, 186, 196, 207, 218, 228, 239, 250, 261, 272],
+    '29': [13, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 73, 83, 94, 105, 116, 127, 138, 149, 160, 171, 182, 193, 204, 215, 226, 238, 249, 260, 271, 282, 294],
+    '30': [13, 23, 33, 43, 54, 65, 76, 87, 98, 109, 120, 131, 143, 154, 166, 177, 189, 200, 212, 223, 235, 247, 258, 270, 282, 293, 305, 317]
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new `Benchmark` function using the given `context` object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf Benchmark
+   * @param {Object} [context=root] The context object.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns a new `Benchmark` function.
+   */
+  function runInContext(context) {
+    // Exit early if unable to acquire lodash.
+    var _ = context && context._ || req('lodash') || root._;
+    if (!_) {
+      Benchmark.runInContext = runInContext;
+      return Benchmark;
+    }
+    // Avoid issues with some ES3 environments that attempt to use values, named
+    // after built-in constructors like `Object`, for the creation of literals.
+    // ES5 clears this up by stating that literals must use built-in constructors.
+    // See http://es5.github.io/#x11.1.5.
+    context = context ? _.defaults(root.Object(), context, _.pick(root, contextProps)) : root;
+
+    /** Native constructor references. */
+    var Array = context.Array,
+        Date = context.Date,
+        Function = context.Function,
+        Math = context.Math,
+        Object = context.Object,
+        RegExp = context.RegExp,
+        String = context.String;
+
+    /** Used for `Array` and `Object` method references. */
+    var arrayRef = [],
+        objectProto = Object.prototype;
+
+    /** Native method shortcuts. */
+    var abs = Math.abs,
+        clearTimeout = context.clearTimeout,
+        floor = Math.floor,
+        log = Math.log,
+        max = Math.max,
+        min = Math.min,
+        pow = Math.pow,
+        push = arrayRef.push,
+        setTimeout = context.setTimeout,
+        shift = arrayRef.shift,
+        slice = arrayRef.slice,
+        sqrt = Math.sqrt,
+        toString = objectProto.toString,
+        unshift = arrayRef.unshift;
+
+    /** Detect DOM document object. */
+    var doc = isHostType(context, 'document') && context.document;
+
+    /** Used to access Wade Simmons' Node.js `microtime` module. */
+    var microtimeObject = req('microtime');
+
+    /** Used to access Node.js's high resolution timer. */
+    var processObject = isHostType(context, 'process') && context.process;
+
+    /** Used to prevent a `removeChild` memory leak in IE < 9. */
+    var trash = doc && doc.createElement('div');
+
+    /** Used to integrity check compiled tests. */
+    var uid = 'uid' + _.now();
+
+    /** Used to avoid infinite recursion when methods call each other. */
+    var calledBy = {};
+
+    /**
+     * An object used to flag environments/features.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var support = {};
+
+    (function() {
+
+      /**
+       * Detect if running in a browser environment.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.support
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      support.browser = doc && isHostType(context, 'navigator') && !isHostType(context, 'phantom');
+
+      /**
+       * Detect if the Timers API exists.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.support
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      support.timeout = isHostType(context, 'setTimeout') && isHostType(context, 'clearTimeout');
+
+      /**
+       * Detect if function decompilation is support.
+       *
+       * @name decompilation
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.support
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      try {
+        // Safari 2.x removes commas in object literals from `Function#toString` results.
+        // See http://webk.it/11609 for more details.
+        // Firefox 3.6 and Opera 9.25 strip grouping parentheses from `Function#toString` results.
+        // See http://bugzil.la/559438 for more details.
+        support.decompilation = Function(
+          ('return (' + (function(x) { return { 'x': '' + (1 + x) + '', 'y': 0 }; }) + ')')
+          // Avoid issues with code added by Istanbul.
+          .replace(/__cov__[^;]+;/g, '')
+        )()(0).x === '1';
+      } catch(e) {
+        support.decompilation = false;
+      }
+    }());
+
+    /**
+     * Timer object used by `clock()` and `Deferred#resolve`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var timer = {
+
+      /**
+       * The timer namespace object or constructor.
+       *
+       * @private
+       * @memberOf timer
+       * @type {Function|Object}
+       */
+      'ns': Date,
+
+      /**
+       * Starts the deferred timer.
+       *
+       * @private
+       * @memberOf timer
+       * @param {Object} deferred The deferred instance.
+       */
+      'start': null, // Lazy defined in `clock()`.
+
+      /**
+       * Stops the deferred timer.
+       *
+       * @private
+       * @memberOf timer
+       * @param {Object} deferred The deferred instance.
+       */
+      'stop': null // Lazy defined in `clock()`.
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The Benchmark constructor.
+     *
+     * Note: The Benchmark constructor exposes a handful of lodash methods to
+     * make working with arrays, collections, and objects easier. The lodash
+     * methods are:
+     * [`each/forEach`](https://lodash.com/docs#forEach), [`forOwn`](https://lodash.com/docs#forOwn),
+     * [`has`](https://lodash.com/docs#has), [`indexOf`](https://lodash.com/docs#indexOf),
+     * [`map`](https://lodash.com/docs#map), and [`reduce`](https://lodash.com/docs#reduce)
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {string} name A name to identify the benchmark.
+     * @param {Function|string} fn The test to benchmark.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage (the `new` operator is optional)
+     * var bench = new Benchmark(fn);
+     *
+     * // or using a name first
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', fn);
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', fn, {
+     *
+     *   // displayed by `Benchmark#toString` if `name` is not available
+     *   'id': 'xyz',
+     *
+     *   // called when the benchmark starts running
+     *   'onStart': onStart,
+     *
+     *   // called after each run cycle
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *
+     *   // called when aborted
+     *   'onAbort': onAbort,
+     *
+     *   // called when a test errors
+     *   'onError': onError,
+     *
+     *   // called when reset
+     *   'onReset': onReset,
+     *
+     *   // called when the benchmark completes running
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete,
+     *
+     *   // compiled/called before the test loop
+     *   'setup': setup,
+     *
+     *   // compiled/called after the test loop
+     *   'teardown': teardown
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or name and options
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', {
+     *
+     *   // a flag to indicate the benchmark is deferred
+     *   'defer': true,
+     *
+     *   // benchmark test function
+     *   'fn': function(deferred) {
+     *     // call `Deferred#resolve` when the deferred test is finished
+     *     deferred.resolve();
+     *   }
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or options only
+     * var bench = new Benchmark({
+     *
+     *   // benchmark name
+     *   'name': 'foo',
+     *
+     *   // benchmark test as a string
+     *   'fn': '[1,2,3,4].sort()'
+     * });
+     *
+     * // a test's `this` binding is set to the benchmark instance
+     * var bench = new Benchmark('foo', function() {
+     *   'My name is '.concat(this.name); // "My name is foo"
+     * });
+     */
+    function Benchmark(name, fn, options) {
+      var bench = this;
+
+      // Allow instance creation without the `new` operator.
+      if (!(bench instanceof Benchmark)) {
+        return new Benchmark(name, fn, options);
+      }
+      // Juggle arguments.
+      if (_.isPlainObject(name)) {
+        // 1 argument (options).
+        options = name;
+      }
+      else if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+        // 2 arguments (fn, options).
+        options = fn;
+        fn = name;
+      }
+      else if (_.isPlainObject(fn)) {
+        // 2 arguments (name, options).
+        options = fn;
+        fn = null;
+        bench.name = name;
+      }
+      else {
+        // 3 arguments (name, fn [, options]).
+        bench.name = name;
+      }
+      setOptions(bench, options);
+
+      bench.id || (bench.id = ++counter);
+      bench.fn == null && (bench.fn = fn);
+
+      bench.stats = cloneDeep(bench.stats);
+      bench.times = cloneDeep(bench.times);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Deferred constructor.
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} clone The cloned benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function Deferred(clone) {
+      var deferred = this;
+      if (!(deferred instanceof Deferred)) {
+        return new Deferred(clone);
+      }
+      deferred.benchmark = clone;
+      clock(deferred);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Event constructor.
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object|string} type The event type.
+     */
+    function Event(type) {
+      var event = this;
+      if (type instanceof Event) {
+        return type;
+      }
+      return (event instanceof Event)
+        ? _.assign(event, { 'timeStamp': _.now() }, typeof type == 'string' ? { 'type': type } : type)
+        : new Event(type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Suite constructor.
+     *
+     * Note: Each Suite instance has a handful of wrapped lodash methods to
+     * make working with Suites easier. The wrapped lodash methods are:
+     * [`each/forEach`](https://lodash.com/docs#forEach), [`indexOf`](https://lodash.com/docs#indexOf),
+     * [`map`](https://lodash.com/docs#map), and [`reduce`](https://lodash.com/docs#reduce)
+     *
+     * @constructor
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {string} name A name to identify the suite.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage (the `new` operator is optional)
+     * var suite = new Benchmark.Suite;
+     *
+     * // or using a name first
+     * var suite = new Benchmark.Suite('foo');
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * var suite = new Benchmark.Suite('foo', {
+     *
+     *   // called when the suite starts running
+     *   'onStart': onStart,
+     *
+     *   // called between running benchmarks
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *
+     *   // called when aborted
+     *   'onAbort': onAbort,
+     *
+     *   // called when a test errors
+     *   'onError': onError,
+     *
+     *   // called when reset
+     *   'onReset': onReset,
+     *
+     *   // called when the suite completes running
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     */
+    function Suite(name, options) {
+      var suite = this;
+
+      // Allow instance creation without the `new` operator.
+      if (!(suite instanceof Suite)) {
+        return new Suite(name, options);
+      }
+      // Juggle arguments.
+      if (_.isPlainObject(name)) {
+        // 1 argument (options).
+        options = name;
+      } else {
+        // 2 arguments (name [, options]).
+        suite.name = name;
+      }
+      setOptions(suite, options);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.cloneDeep` which only clones arrays and plain
+     * objects assigning all other values by reference.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @returns {*} The cloned value.
+     */
+    var cloneDeep = _.partial(_.cloneDeepWith || _.cloneDeep, _, function(value) {
+      // Only clone primitives, arrays, and plain objects.
+      return (_.isObject(value) && !_.isArray(value) && !_.isPlainObject(value))
+        ? value
+        : undefined;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function from the given arguments string and body.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} args The comma separated function arguments.
+     * @param {string} body The function body.
+     * @returns {Function} The new function.
+     */
+    function createFunction() {
+      // Lazy define.
+      createFunction = function(args, body) {
+        var result,
+            anchor = freeDefine ? freeDefine.amd : Benchmark,
+            prop = uid + 'createFunction';
+
+        runScript((freeDefine ? 'define.amd.' : 'Benchmark.') + prop + '=function(' + args + '){' + body + '}');
+        result = anchor[prop];
+        delete anchor[prop];
+        return result;
+      };
+      // Fix JaegerMonkey bug.
+      // For more information see http://bugzil.la/639720.
+      createFunction = support.browser && (createFunction('', 'return"' + uid + '"') || _.noop)() == uid ? createFunction : Function;
+      return createFunction.apply(null, arguments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delay the execution of a function based on the benchmark's `delay` property.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} bench The benchmark instance.
+     * @param {Object} fn The function to execute.
+     */
+    function delay(bench, fn) {
+      bench._timerId = _.delay(fn, bench.delay * 1e3);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the given element.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Element} element The element to destroy.
+     */
+    function destroyElement(element) {
+      trash.appendChild(element);
+      trash.innerHTML = '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of the first argument from a function's source.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} fn The function.
+     * @returns {string} The argument name.
+     */
+    function getFirstArgument(fn) {
+      return (!_.has(fn, 'toString') &&
+        (/^[\s(]*function[^(]*\(([^\s,)]+)/.exec(fn) || 0)[1]) || '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the arithmetic mean of a sample.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} sample The sample.
+     * @returns {number} The mean.
+     */
+    function getMean(sample) {
+      return (_.reduce(sample, function(sum, x) {
+        return sum + x;
+      }) / sample.length) || 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the source code of a function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} fn The function.
+     * @returns {string} The function's source code.
+     */
+    function getSource(fn) {
+      var result = '';
+      if (isStringable(fn)) {
+        result = String(fn);
+      } else if (support.decompilation) {
+        // Escape the `{` for Firefox 1.
+        result = _.result(/^[^{]+\{([\s\S]*)\}\s*$/.exec(fn), 1);
+      }
+      // Trim string.
+      result = (result || '').replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '');
+
+      // Detect strings containing only the "use strict" directive.
+      return /^(?:\/\*+[\w\W]*?\*\/|\/\/.*?[\n\r\u2028\u2029]|\s)*(["'])use strict\1;?$/.test(result)
+        ? ''
+        : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if an object is of the specified class.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {string} name The name of the class.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the value is of the specified class, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isClassOf(value, name) {
+      return value != null && toString.call(value) == '[object ' + name + ']';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Host objects can return type values that are different from their actual
+     * data type. The objects we are concerned with usually return non-primitive
+     * types of "object", "function", or "unknown".
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} object The owner of the property.
+     * @param {string} property The property to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the property value is a non-primitive, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isHostType(object, property) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var type = typeof object[property];
+      return !rePrimitive.test(type) && (type != 'object' || !!object[property]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a value can be safely coerced to a string.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the value can be coerced, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isStringable(value) {
+      return _.isString(value) || (_.has(value, 'toString') && _.isFunction(value.toString));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A wrapper around `require` to suppress `module missing` errors.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} id The module id.
+     * @returns {*} The exported module or `null`.
+     */
+    function req(id) {
+      try {
+        var result = freeExports && freeRequire(id);
+      } catch(e) {}
+      return result || null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs a snippet of JavaScript via script injection.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} code The code to run.
+     */
+    function runScript(code) {
+      var anchor = freeDefine ? define.amd : Benchmark,
+          script = doc.createElement('script'),
+          sibling = doc.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],
+          parent = sibling.parentNode,
+          prop = uid + 'runScript',
+          prefix = '(' + (freeDefine ? 'define.amd.' : 'Benchmark.') + prop + '||function(){})();';
+
+      // Firefox 2.0.0.2 cannot use script injection as intended because it executes
+      // asynchronously, but that's OK because script injection is only used to avoid
+      // the previously commented JaegerMonkey bug.
+      try {
+        // Remove the inserted script *before* running the code to avoid differences
+        // in the expected script element count/order of the document.
+        script.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(prefix + code));
+        anchor[prop] = function() { destroyElement(script); };
+      } catch(e) {
+        parent = parent.cloneNode(false);
+        sibling = null;
+        script.text = code;
+      }
+      parent.insertBefore(script, sibling);
+      delete anchor[prop];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A helper function for setting options/event handlers.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The benchmark or suite instance.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     */
+    function setOptions(object, options) {
+      options = object.options = _.assign({}, cloneDeep(object.constructor.options), cloneDeep(options));
+
+      _.forOwn(options, function(value, key) {
+        if (value != null) {
+          // Add event listeners.
+          if (/^on[A-Z]/.test(key)) {
+            _.each(key.split(' '), function(key) {
+              object.on(key.slice(2).toLowerCase(), value);
+            });
+          } else if (!_.has(object, key)) {
+            object[key] = cloneDeep(value);
+          }
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Handles cycling/completing the deferred benchmark.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+     */
+    function resolve() {
+      var deferred = this,
+          clone = deferred.benchmark,
+          bench = clone._original;
+
+      if (bench.aborted) {
+        // cycle() -> clone cycle/complete event -> compute()'s invoked bench.run() cycle/complete.
+        deferred.teardown();
+        clone.running = false;
+        cycle(deferred);
+      }
+      else if (++deferred.cycles < clone.count) {
+        clone.compiled.call(deferred, context, timer);
+      }
+      else {
+        timer.stop(deferred);
+        deferred.teardown();
+        delay(clone, function() { cycle(deferred); });
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * A generic `Array#filter` like method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|string} callback The function/alias called per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} A new array of values that passed callback filter.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // get odd numbers
+     * Benchmark.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2;
+     * }); // -> [1, 3, 5];
+     *
+     * // get fastest benchmarks
+     * Benchmark.filter(benches, 'fastest');
+     *
+     * // get slowest benchmarks
+     * Benchmark.filter(benches, 'slowest');
+     *
+     * // get benchmarks that completed without erroring
+     * Benchmark.filter(benches, 'successful');
+     */
+    function filter(array, callback) {
+      if (callback === 'successful') {
+        // Callback to exclude those that are errored, unrun, or have hz of Infinity.
+        callback = function(bench) {
+          return bench.cycles && _.isFinite(bench.hz);
+        };
+      }
+      else if (callback === 'fastest' || callback === 'slowest') {
+        // Get successful, sort by period + margin of error, and filter fastest/slowest.
+        var result = filter(array, 'successful').sort(function(a, b) {
+          a = a.stats; b = b.stats;
+          return (a.mean + a.moe > b.mean + b.moe ? 1 : -1) * (callback === 'fastest' ? 1 : -1);
+        });
+
+        return _.filter(result, function(bench) {
+          return result[0].compare(bench) == 0;
+        });
+      }
+      return _.filter(array, callback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a number to a more readable comma-separated string representation.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {number} number The number to convert.
+     * @returns {string} The more readable string representation.
+     */
+    function formatNumber(number) {
+      number = String(number).split('.');
+      return number[0].replace(/(?=(?:\d{3})+$)(?!\b)/g, ',') +
+        (number[1] ? '.' + number[1] : '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes a method on all items in an array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Array} benches Array of benchmarks to iterate over.
+     * @param {Object|string} name The name of the method to invoke OR options object.
+     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned from each method invoked.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // invoke `reset` on all benchmarks
+     * Benchmark.invoke(benches, 'reset');
+     *
+     * // invoke `emit` with arguments
+     * Benchmark.invoke(benches, 'emit', 'complete', listener);
+     *
+     * // invoke `run(true)`, treat benchmarks as a queue, and register invoke callbacks
+     * Benchmark.invoke(benches, {
+     *
+     *   // invoke the `run` method
+     *   'name': 'run',
+     *
+     *   // pass a single argument
+     *   'args': true,
+     *
+     *   // treat as queue, removing benchmarks from front of `benches` until empty
+     *   'queued': true,
+     *
+     *   // called before any benchmarks have been invoked.
+     *   'onStart': onStart,
+     *
+     *   // called between invoking benchmarks
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *
+     *   // called after all benchmarks have been invoked.
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     */
+    function invoke(benches, name) {
+      var args,
+          bench,
+          queued,
+          index = -1,
+          eventProps = { 'currentTarget': benches },
+          options = { 'onStart': _.noop, 'onCycle': _.noop, 'onComplete': _.noop },
+          result = _.toArray(benches);
+
+      /**
+       * Invokes the method of the current object and if synchronous, fetches the next.
+       */
+      function execute() {
+        var listeners,
+            async = isAsync(bench);
+
+        if (async) {
+          // Use `getNext` as the first listener.
+          bench.on('complete', getNext);
+          listeners = bench.events.complete;
+          listeners.splice(0, 0, listeners.pop());
+        }
+        // Execute method.
+        result[index] = _.isFunction(bench && bench[name]) ? bench[name].apply(bench, args) : undefined;
+        // If synchronous return `true` until finished.
+        return !async && getNext();
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Fetches the next bench or executes `onComplete` callback.
+       */
+      function getNext(event) {
+        var cycleEvent,
+            last = bench,
+            async = isAsync(last);
+
+        if (async) {
+          last.off('complete', getNext);
+          last.emit('complete');
+        }
+        // Emit "cycle" event.
+        eventProps.type = 'cycle';
+        eventProps.target = last;
+        cycleEvent = Event(eventProps);
+        options.onCycle.call(benches, cycleEvent);
+
+        // Choose next benchmark if not exiting early.
+        if (!cycleEvent.aborted && raiseIndex() !== false) {
+          bench = queued ? benches[0] : result[index];
+          if (isAsync(bench)) {
+            delay(bench, execute);
+          }
+          else if (async) {
+            // Resume execution if previously asynchronous but now synchronous.
+            while (execute()) {}
+          }
+          else {
+            // Continue synchronous execution.
+            return true;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Emit "complete" event.
+          eventProps.type = 'complete';
+          options.onComplete.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+        }
+        // When used as a listener `event.aborted = true` will cancel the rest of
+        // the "complete" listeners because they were already called above and when
+        // used as part of `getNext` the `return false` will exit the execution while-loop.
+        if (event) {
+          event.aborted = true;
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Checks if invoking `Benchmark#run` with asynchronous cycles.
+       */
+      function isAsync(object) {
+        // Avoid using `instanceof` here because of IE memory leak issues with host objects.
+        var async = args[0] && args[0].async;
+        return name == 'run' && (object instanceof Benchmark) &&
+          ((async == null ? object.options.async : async) && support.timeout || object.defer);
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Raises `index` to the next defined index or returns `false`.
+       */
+      function raiseIndex() {
+        index++;
+
+        // If queued remove the previous bench.
+        if (queued && index > 0) {
+          shift.call(benches);
+        }
+        // If we reached the last index then return `false`.
+        return (queued ? benches.length : index < result.length)
+          ? index
+          : (index = false);
+      }
+      // Juggle arguments.
+      if (_.isString(name)) {
+        // 2 arguments (array, name).
+        args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+      } else {
+        // 2 arguments (array, options).
+        options = _.assign(options, name);
+        name = options.name;
+        args = _.isArray(args = 'args' in options ? options.args : []) ? args : [args];
+        queued = options.queued;
+      }
+      // Start iterating over the array.
+      if (raiseIndex() !== false) {
+        // Emit "start" event.
+        bench = result[index];
+        eventProps.type = 'start';
+        eventProps.target = bench;
+        options.onStart.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+
+        // End early if the suite was aborted in an "onStart" listener.
+        if (name == 'run' && (benches instanceof Suite) && benches.aborted) {
+          // Emit "cycle" event.
+          eventProps.type = 'cycle';
+          options.onCycle.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+          // Emit "complete" event.
+          eventProps.type = 'complete';
+          options.onComplete.call(benches, Event(eventProps));
+        }
+        // Start method execution.
+        else {
+          if (isAsync(bench)) {
+            delay(bench, execute);
+          } else {
+            while (execute()) {}
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a string of joined array values or object key-value pairs.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Array|Object} object The object to operate on.
+     * @param {string} [separator1=','] The separator used between key-value pairs.
+     * @param {string} [separator2=': '] The separator used between keys and values.
+     * @returns {string} The joined result.
+     */
+    function join(object, separator1, separator2) {
+      var result = [],
+          length = (object = Object(object)).length,
+          arrayLike = length === length >>> 0;
+
+      separator2 || (separator2 = ': ');
+      _.each(object, function(value, key) {
+        result.push(arrayLike ? value : key + separator2 + value);
+      });
+      return result.join(separator1 || ',');
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Aborts all benchmarks in the suite.
+     *
+     * @name abort
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     */
+    function abortSuite() {
+      var event,
+          suite = this,
+          resetting = calledBy.resetSuite;
+
+      if (suite.running) {
+        event = Event('abort');
+        suite.emit(event);
+        if (!event.cancelled || resetting) {
+          // Avoid infinite recursion.
+          calledBy.abortSuite = true;
+          suite.reset();
+          delete calledBy.abortSuite;
+
+          if (!resetting) {
+            suite.aborted = true;
+            invoke(suite, 'abort');
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a test to the benchmark suite.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} name A name to identify the benchmark.
+     * @param {Function|string} fn The test to benchmark.
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage
+     * suite.add(fn);
+     *
+     * // or using a name first
+     * suite.add('foo', fn);
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * suite.add('foo', fn, {
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or name and options
+     * suite.add('foo', {
+     *   'fn': fn,
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     *
+     * // or options only
+     * suite.add({
+     *   'name': 'foo',
+     *   'fn': fn,
+     *   'onCycle': onCycle,
+     *   'onComplete': onComplete
+     * });
+     */
+    function add(name, fn, options) {
+      var suite = this,
+          bench = new Benchmark(name, fn, options),
+          event = Event({ 'type': 'add', 'target': bench });
+
+      if (suite.emit(event), !event.cancelled) {
+        suite.push(bench);
+      }
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new suite with cloned benchmarks.
+     *
+     * @name clone
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Object} options Options object to overwrite cloned options.
+     * @returns {Object} The new suite instance.
+     */
+    function cloneSuite(options) {
+      var suite = this,
+          result = new suite.constructor(_.assign({}, suite.options, options));
+
+      // Copy own properties.
+      _.forOwn(suite, function(value, key) {
+        if (!_.has(result, key)) {
+          result[key] = value && _.isFunction(value.clone)
+            ? value.clone()
+            : cloneDeep(value);
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An `Array#filter` like method.
+     *
+     * @name filter
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Function|string} callback The function/alias called per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} A new suite of benchmarks that passed callback filter.
+     */
+    function filterSuite(callback) {
+      var suite = this,
+          result = new suite.constructor(suite.options);
+
+      result.push.apply(result, filter(suite, callback));
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets all benchmarks in the suite.
+     *
+     * @name reset
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     */
+    function resetSuite() {
+      var event,
+          suite = this,
+          aborting = calledBy.abortSuite;
+
+      if (suite.running && !aborting) {
+        // No worries, `resetSuite()` is called within `abortSuite()`.
+        calledBy.resetSuite = true;
+        suite.abort();
+        delete calledBy.resetSuite;
+      }
+      // Reset if the state has changed.
+      else if ((suite.aborted || suite.running) &&
+          (suite.emit(event = Event('reset')), !event.cancelled)) {
+        suite.aborted = suite.running = false;
+        if (!aborting) {
+          invoke(suite, 'reset');
+        }
+      }
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the suite.
+     *
+     * @name run
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @returns {Object} The suite instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage
+     * suite.run();
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * suite.run({ 'async': true, 'queued': true });
+     */
+    function runSuite(options) {
+      var suite = this;
+
+      suite.reset();
+      suite.running = true;
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      invoke(suite, {
+        'name': 'run',
+        'args': options,
+        'queued': options.queued,
+        'onStart': function(event) {
+          suite.emit(event);
+        },
+        'onCycle': function(event) {
+          var bench = event.target;
+          if (bench.error) {
+            suite.emit({ 'type': 'error', 'target': bench });
+          }
+          suite.emit(event);
+          event.aborted = suite.aborted;
+        },
+        'onComplete': function(event) {
+          suite.running = false;
+          suite.emit(event);
+        }
+      });
+      return suite;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Executes all registered listeners of the specified event type.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {Object|string} type The event type or object.
+     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the listener with.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the return value of the last listener executed.
+     */
+    function emit(type) {
+      var listeners,
+          object = this,
+          event = Event(type),
+          events = object.events,
+          args = (arguments[0] = event, arguments);
+
+      event.currentTarget || (event.currentTarget = object);
+      event.target || (event.target = object);
+      delete event.result;
+
+      if (events && (listeners = _.has(events, event.type) && events[event.type])) {
+        _.each(listeners.slice(), function(listener) {
+          if ((event.result = listener.apply(object, args)) === false) {
+            event.cancelled = true;
+          }
+          return !event.aborted;
+        });
+      }
+      return event.result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of event listeners for a given type that can be manipulated
+     * to add or remove listeners.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} type The event type.
+     * @returns {Array} The listeners array.
+     */
+    function listeners(type) {
+      var object = this,
+          events = object.events || (object.events = {});
+
+      return _.has(events, type) ? events[type] : (events[type] = []);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters a listener for the specified event type(s),
+     * or unregisters all listeners for the specified event type(s),
+     * or unregisters all listeners for all event types.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} [type] The event type.
+     * @param {Function} [listener] The function to unregister.
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // unregister a listener for an event type
+     * bench.off('cycle', listener);
+     *
+     * // unregister a listener for multiple event types
+     * bench.off('start cycle', listener);
+     *
+     * // unregister all listeners for an event type
+     * bench.off('cycle');
+     *
+     * // unregister all listeners for multiple event types
+     * bench.off('start cycle complete');
+     *
+     * // unregister all listeners for all event types
+     * bench.off();
+     */
+    function off(type, listener) {
+      var object = this,
+          events = object.events;
+
+      if (!events) {
+        return object;
+      }
+      _.each(type ? type.split(' ') : events, function(listeners, type) {
+        var index;
+        if (typeof listeners == 'string') {
+          type = listeners;
+          listeners = _.has(events, type) && events[type];
+        }
+        if (listeners) {
+          if (listener) {
+            index = _.indexOf(listeners, listener);
+            if (index > -1) {
+              listeners.splice(index, 1);
+            }
+          } else {
+            listeners.length = 0;
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a listener for the specified event type(s).
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark, Benchmark.Suite
+     * @param {string} type The event type.
+     * @param {Function} listener The function to register.
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // register a listener for an event type
+     * bench.on('cycle', listener);
+     *
+     * // register a listener for multiple event types
+     * bench.on('start cycle', listener);
+     */
+    function on(type, listener) {
+      var object = this,
+          events = object.events || (object.events = {});
+
+      _.each(type.split(' '), function(type) {
+        (_.has(events, type)
+          ? events[type]
+          : (events[type] = [])
+        ).push(listener);
+      });
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Aborts the benchmark without recording times.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function abort() {
+      var event,
+          bench = this,
+          resetting = calledBy.reset;
+
+      if (bench.running) {
+        event = Event('abort');
+        bench.emit(event);
+        if (!event.cancelled || resetting) {
+          // Avoid infinite recursion.
+          calledBy.abort = true;
+          bench.reset();
+          delete calledBy.abort;
+
+          if (support.timeout) {
+            clearTimeout(bench._timerId);
+            delete bench._timerId;
+          }
+          if (!resetting) {
+            bench.aborted = true;
+            bench.running = false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return bench;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new benchmark using the same test and options.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} options Options object to overwrite cloned options.
+     * @returns {Object} The new benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var bizarro = bench.clone({
+     *   'name': 'doppelganger'
+     * });
+     */
+    function clone(options) {
+      var bench = this,
+          result = new bench.constructor(_.assign({}, bench, options));
+
+      // Correct the `options` object.
+      result.options = _.assign({}, cloneDeep(bench.options), cloneDeep(options));
+
+      // Copy own custom properties.
+      _.forOwn(bench, function(value, key) {
+        if (!_.has(result, key)) {
+          result[key] = cloneDeep(value);
+        }
+      });
+
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a benchmark is faster than another.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} other The benchmark to compare.
+     * @returns {number} Returns `-1` if slower, `1` if faster, and `0` if indeterminate.
+     */
+    function compare(other) {
+      var bench = this;
+
+      // Exit early if comparing the same benchmark.
+      if (bench == other) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      var critical,
+          zStat,
+          sample1 = bench.stats.sample,
+          sample2 = other.stats.sample,
+          size1 = sample1.length,
+          size2 = sample2.length,
+          maxSize = max(size1, size2),
+          minSize = min(size1, size2),
+          u1 = getU(sample1, sample2),
+          u2 = getU(sample2, sample1),
+          u = min(u1, u2);
+
+      function getScore(xA, sampleB) {
+        return _.reduce(sampleB, function(total, xB) {
+          return total + (xB > xA ? 0 : xB < xA ? 1 : 0.5);
+        }, 0);
+      }
+
+      function getU(sampleA, sampleB) {
+        return _.reduce(sampleA, function(total, xA) {
+          return total + getScore(xA, sampleB);
+        }, 0);
+      }
+
+      function getZ(u) {
+        return (u - ((size1 * size2) / 2)) / sqrt((size1 * size2 * (size1 + size2 + 1)) / 12);
+      }
+      // Reject the null hypothesis the two samples come from the
+      // same population (i.e. have the same median) if...
+      if (size1 + size2 > 30) {
+        // ...the z-stat is greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96
+        // http://www.statisticslectures.com/topics/mannwhitneyu/
+        zStat = getZ(u);
+        return abs(zStat) > 1.96 ? (u == u1 ? 1 : -1) : 0;
+      }
+      // ...the U value is less than or equal the critical U value.
+      critical = maxSize < 5 || minSize < 3 ? 0 : uTable[maxSize][minSize - 3];
+      return u <= critical ? (u == u1 ? 1 : -1) : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset properties and abort if running.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function reset() {
+      var bench = this;
+      if (bench.running && !calledBy.abort) {
+        // No worries, `reset()` is called within `abort()`.
+        calledBy.reset = true;
+        bench.abort();
+        delete calledBy.reset;
+        return bench;
+      }
+      var event,
+          index = 0,
+          changes = [],
+          queue = [];
+
+      // A non-recursive solution to check if properties have changed.
+      // For more information see http://www.jslab.dk/articles/non.recursive.preorder.traversal.part4.
+      var data = {
+        'destination': bench,
+        'source': _.assign({}, cloneDeep(bench.constructor.prototype), cloneDeep(bench.options))
+      };
+
+      do {
+        _.forOwn(data.source, function(value, key) {
+          var changed,
+              destination = data.destination,
+              currValue = destination[key];
+
+          // Skip pseudo private properties like `_timerId` which could be a
+          // Java object in environments like RingoJS.
+          if (key.charAt(0) == '_') {
+            return;
+          }
+          if (value && typeof value == 'object') {
+            if (_.isArray(value)) {
+              // Check if an array value has changed to a non-array value.
+              if (!_.isArray(currValue)) {
+                changed = currValue = [];
+              }
+              // Check if an array has changed its length.
+              if (currValue.length != value.length) {
+                changed = currValue = currValue.slice(0, value.length);
+                currValue.length = value.length;
+              }
+            }
+            // Check if an object has changed to a non-object value.
+            else if (!currValue || typeof currValue != 'object') {
+              changed = currValue = {};
+            }
+            // Register a changed object.
+            if (changed) {
+              changes.push({ 'destination': destination, 'key': key, 'value': currValue });
+            }
+            queue.push({ 'destination': currValue, 'source': value });
+          }
+          // Register a changed primitive.
+          else if (value !== currValue && !(value == null || _.isFunction(value))) {
+            changes.push({ 'destination': destination, 'key': key, 'value': value });
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      while ((data = queue[index++]));
+
+      // If changed emit the `reset` event and if it isn't cancelled reset the benchmark.
+      if (changes.length && (bench.emit(event = Event('reset')), !event.cancelled)) {
+        _.each(changes, function(data) {
+          data.destination[data.key] = data.value;
+        });
+      }
+      return bench;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays relevant benchmark information when coerced to a string.
+     *
+     * @name toString
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @returns {string} A string representation of the benchmark instance.
+     */
+    function toStringBench() {
+      var bench = this,
+          error = bench.error,
+          hz = bench.hz,
+          id = bench.id,
+          stats = bench.stats,
+          size = stats.sample.length,
+          pm = '\xb1',
+          result = bench.name || (_.isNaN(id) ? id : '<Test #' + id + '>');
+
+      if (error) {
+        result += ': ' + join(error);
+      } else {
+        result += ' x ' + formatNumber(hz.toFixed(hz < 100 ? 2 : 0)) + ' ops/sec ' + pm +
+          stats.rme.toFixed(2) + '% (' + size + ' run' + (size == 1 ? '' : 's') + ' sampled)';
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Clocks the time taken to execute a test per cycle (secs).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} bench The benchmark instance.
+     * @returns {number} The time taken.
+     */
+    function clock() {
+      var options = Benchmark.options,
+          templateData = {},
+          timers = [{ 'ns': timer.ns, 'res': max(0.0015, getRes('ms')), 'unit': 'ms' }];
+
+      // Lazy define for hi-res timers.
+      clock = function(clone) {
+        var deferred;
+
+        if (clone instanceof Deferred) {
+          deferred = clone;
+          clone = deferred.benchmark;
+        }
+        var bench = clone._original,
+            stringable = isStringable(bench.fn),
+            count = bench.count = clone.count,
+            decompilable = stringable || (support.decompilation && (clone.setup !== _.noop || clone.teardown !== _.noop)),
+            id = bench.id,
+            name = bench.name || (typeof id == 'number' ? '<Test #' + id + '>' : id),
+            result = 0;
+
+        // Init `minTime` if needed.
+        clone.minTime = bench.minTime || (bench.minTime = bench.options.minTime = options.minTime);
+
+        // Compile in setup/teardown functions and the test loop.
+        // Create a new compiled test, instead of using the cached `bench.compiled`,
+        // to avoid potential engine optimizations enabled over the life of the test.
+        var funcBody = deferred
+          ? 'var d#=this,${fnArg}=d#,m#=d#.benchmark._original,f#=m#.fn,su#=m#.setup,td#=m#.teardown;' +
+            // When `deferred.cycles` is `0` then...
+            'if(!d#.cycles){' +
+            // set `deferred.fn`,
+            'd#.fn=function(){var ${fnArg}=d#;if(typeof f#=="function"){try{${fn}\n}catch(e#){f#(d#)}}else{${fn}\n}};' +
+            // set `deferred.teardown`,
+            'd#.teardown=function(){d#.cycles=0;if(typeof td#=="function"){try{${teardown}\n}catch(e#){td#()}}else{${teardown}\n}};' +
+            // execute the benchmark's `setup`,
+            'if(typeof su#=="function"){try{${setup}\n}catch(e#){su#()}}else{${setup}\n};' +
+            // start timer,
+            't#.start(d#);' +
+            // and then execute `deferred.fn` and return a dummy object.
+            '}d#.fn();return{uid:"${uid}"}'
+
+          : 'var r#,s#,m#=this,f#=m#.fn,i#=m#.count,n#=t#.ns;${setup}\n${begin};' +
+            'while(i#--){${fn}\n}${end};${teardown}\nreturn{elapsed:r#,uid:"${uid}"}';
+
+        var compiled = bench.compiled = clone.compiled = createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, funcBody),
+            isEmpty = !(templateData.fn || stringable);
+
+        try {
+          if (isEmpty) {
+            // Firefox may remove dead code from `Function#toString` results.
+            // For more information see http://bugzil.la/536085.
+            throw new Error('The test "' + name + '" is empty. This may be the result of dead code removal.');
+          }
+          else if (!deferred) {
+            // Pretest to determine if compiled code exits early, usually by a
+            // rogue `return` statement, by checking for a return object with the uid.
+            bench.count = 1;
+            compiled = decompilable && (compiled.call(bench, context, timer) || {}).uid == templateData.uid && compiled;
+            bench.count = count;
+          }
+        } catch(e) {
+          compiled = null;
+          clone.error = e || new Error(String(e));
+          bench.count = count;
+        }
+        // Fallback when a test exits early or errors during pretest.
+        if (!compiled && !deferred && !isEmpty) {
+          funcBody = (
+            stringable || (decompilable && !clone.error)
+              ? 'function f#(){${fn}\n}var r#,s#,m#=this,i#=m#.count'
+              : 'var r#,s#,m#=this,f#=m#.fn,i#=m#.count'
+            ) +
+            ',n#=t#.ns;${setup}\n${begin};m#.f#=f#;while(i#--){m#.f#()}${end};' +
+            'delete m#.f#;${teardown}\nreturn{elapsed:r#}';
+
+          compiled = createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, funcBody);
+
+          try {
+            // Pretest one more time to check for errors.
+            bench.count = 1;
+            compiled.call(bench, context, timer);
+            bench.count = count;
+            delete clone.error;
+          }
+          catch(e) {
+            bench.count = count;
+            if (!clone.error) {
+              clone.error = e || new Error(String(e));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        // If no errors run the full test loop.
+        if (!clone.error) {
+          compiled = bench.compiled = clone.compiled = createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, funcBody);
+          result = compiled.call(deferred || bench, context, timer).elapsed;
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+
+      /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+      /**
+       * Creates a compiled function from the given function `body`.
+       */
+      function createCompiled(bench, decompilable, deferred, body) {
+        var fn = bench.fn,
+            fnArg = deferred ? getFirstArgument(fn) || 'deferred' : '';
+
+        templateData.uid = uid + uidCounter++;
+
+        _.assign(templateData, {
+          'setup': decompilable ? getSource(bench.setup) : interpolate('m#.setup()'),
+          'fn': decompilable ? getSource(fn) : interpolate('m#.fn(' + fnArg + ')'),
+          'fnArg': fnArg,
+          'teardown': decompilable ? getSource(bench.teardown) : interpolate('m#.teardown()')
+        });
+
+        // Use API of chosen timer.
+        if (timer.unit == 'ns') {
+          _.assign(templateData, {
+            'begin': interpolate('s#=n#()'),
+            'end': interpolate('r#=n#(s#);r#=r#[0]+(r#[1]/1e9)')
+          });
+        }
+        else if (timer.unit == 'us') {
+          if (timer.ns.stop) {
+            _.assign(templateData, {
+              'begin': interpolate('s#=n#.start()'),
+              'end': interpolate('r#=n#.microseconds()/1e6')
+            });
+          } else {
+            _.assign(templateData, {
+              'begin': interpolate('s#=n#()'),
+              'end': interpolate('r#=(n#()-s#)/1e6')
+            });
+          }
+        }
+        else if (timer.ns.now) {
+          _.assign(templateData, {
+            'begin': interpolate('s#=n#.now()'),
+            'end': interpolate('r#=(n#.now()-s#)/1e3')
+          });
+        }
+        else {
+          _.assign(templateData, {
+            'begin': interpolate('s#=new n#().getTime()'),
+            'end': interpolate('r#=(new n#().getTime()-s#)/1e3')
+          });
+        }
+        // Define `timer` methods.
+        timer.start = createFunction(
+          interpolate('o#'),
+          interpolate('var n#=this.ns,${begin};o#.elapsed=0;o#.timeStamp=s#')
+        );
+
+        timer.stop = createFunction(
+          interpolate('o#'),
+          interpolate('var n#=this.ns,s#=o#.timeStamp,${end};o#.elapsed=r#')
+        );
+
+        // Create compiled test.
+        return createFunction(
+          interpolate('window,t#'),
+          'var global = window, clearTimeout = global.clearTimeout, setTimeout = global.setTimeout;\n' +
+          interpolate(body)
+        );
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Gets the current timer's minimum resolution (secs).
+       */
+      function getRes(unit) {
+        var measured,
+            begin,
+            count = 30,
+            divisor = 1e3,
+            ns = timer.ns,
+            sample = [];
+
+        // Get average smallest measurable time.
+        while (count--) {
+          if (unit == 'us') {
+            divisor = 1e6;
+            if (ns.stop) {
+              ns.start();
+              while (!(measured = ns.microseconds())) {}
+            } else {
+              begin = ns();
+              while (!(measured = ns() - begin)) {}
+            }
+          }
+          else if (unit == 'ns') {
+            divisor = 1e9;
+            begin = (begin = ns())[0] + (begin[1] / divisor);
+            while (!(measured = ((measured = ns())[0] + (measured[1] / divisor)) - begin)) {}
+            divisor = 1;
+          }
+          else if (ns.now) {
+            begin = ns.now();
+            while (!(measured = ns.now() - begin)) {}
+          }
+          else {
+            begin = new ns().getTime();
+            while (!(measured = new ns().getTime() - begin)) {}
+          }
+          // Check for broken timers.
+          if (measured > 0) {
+            sample.push(measured);
+          } else {
+            sample.push(Infinity);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        // Convert to seconds.
+        return getMean(sample) / divisor;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Interpolates a given template string.
+       */
+      function interpolate(string) {
+        // Replaces all occurrences of `#` with a unique number and template tokens with content.
+        return _.template(string.replace(/\#/g, /\d+/.exec(templateData.uid)))(templateData);
+      }
+
+      /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+      // Detect Chrome's microsecond timer:
+      // enable benchmarking via the --enable-benchmarking command
+      // line switch in at least Chrome 7 to use chrome.Interval
+      try {
+        if ((timer.ns = new (context.chrome || context.chromium).Interval)) {
+          timers.push({ 'ns': timer.ns, 'res': getRes('us'), 'unit': 'us' });
+        }
+      } catch(e) {}
+
+      // Detect Node.js's nanosecond resolution timer available in Node.js >= 0.8.
+      if (processObject && typeof (timer.ns = processObject.hrtime) == 'function') {
+        timers.push({ 'ns': timer.ns, 'res': getRes('ns'), 'unit': 'ns' });
+      }
+      // Detect Wade Simmons' Node.js `microtime` module.
+      if (microtimeObject && typeof (timer.ns = microtimeObject.now) == 'function') {
+        timers.push({ 'ns': timer.ns,  'res': getRes('us'), 'unit': 'us' });
+      }
+      // Pick timer with highest resolution.
+      timer = (_.minBy || _.min)(timers, 'res');
+
+      // Error if there are no working timers.
+      if (timer.res == Infinity) {
+        throw new Error('Benchmark.js was unable to find a working timer.');
+      }
+      // Resolve time span required to achieve a percent uncertainty of at most 1%.
+      // For more information see http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys273/uncert/uncert.html.
+      options.minTime || (options.minTime = max(timer.res / 2 / 0.01, 0.05));
+      return clock.apply(null, arguments);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Computes stats on benchmark results.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} bench The benchmark instance.
+     * @param {Object} options The options object.
+     */
+    function compute(bench, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      var async = options.async,
+          elapsed = 0,
+          initCount = bench.initCount,
+          minSamples = bench.minSamples,
+          queue = [],
+          sample = bench.stats.sample;
+
+      /**
+       * Adds a clone to the queue.
+       */
+      function enqueue() {
+        queue.push(bench.clone({
+          '_original': bench,
+          'events': {
+            'abort': [update],
+            'cycle': [update],
+            'error': [update],
+            'start': [update]
+          }
+        }));
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Updates the clone/original benchmarks to keep their data in sync.
+       */
+      function update(event) {
+        var clone = this,
+            type = event.type;
+
+        if (bench.running) {
+          if (type == 'start') {
+            // Note: `clone.minTime` prop is inited in `clock()`.
+            clone.count = bench.initCount;
+          }
+          else {
+            if (type == 'error') {
+              bench.error = clone.error;
+            }
+            if (type == 'abort') {
+              bench.abort();
+              bench.emit('cycle');
+            } else {
+              event.currentTarget = event.target = bench;
+              bench.emit(event);
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (bench.aborted) {
+          // Clear abort listeners to avoid triggering bench's abort/cycle again.
+          clone.events.abort.length = 0;
+          clone.abort();
+        }
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Determines if more clones should be queued or if cycling should stop.
+       */
+      function evaluate(event) {
+        var critical,
+            df,
+            mean,
+            moe,
+            rme,
+            sd,
+            sem,
+            variance,
+            clone = event.target,
+            done = bench.aborted,
+            now = _.now(),
+            size = sample.push(clone.times.period),
+            maxedOut = size >= minSamples && (elapsed += now - clone.times.timeStamp) / 1e3 > bench.maxTime,
+            times = bench.times,
+            varOf = function(sum, x) { return sum + pow(x - mean, 2); };
+
+        // Exit early for aborted or unclockable tests.
+        if (done || clone.hz == Infinity) {
+          maxedOut = !(size = sample.length = queue.length = 0);
+        }
+
+        if (!done) {
+          // Compute the sample mean (estimate of the population mean).
+          mean = getMean(sample);
+          // Compute the sample variance (estimate of the population variance).
+          variance = _.reduce(sample, varOf, 0) / (size - 1) || 0;
+          // Compute the sample standard deviation (estimate of the population standard deviation).
+          sd = sqrt(variance);
+          // Compute the standard error of the mean (a.k.a. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean).
+          sem = sd / sqrt(size);
+          // Compute the degrees of freedom.
+          df = size - 1;
+          // Compute the critical value.
+          critical = tTable[Math.round(df) || 1] || tTable.infinity;
+          // Compute the margin of error.
+          moe = sem * critical;
+          // Compute the relative margin of error.
+          rme = (moe / mean) * 100 || 0;
+
+          _.assign(bench.stats, {
+            'deviation': sd,
+            'mean': mean,
+            'moe': moe,
+            'rme': rme,
+            'sem': sem,
+            'variance': variance
+          });
+
+          // Abort the cycle loop when the minimum sample size has been collected
+          // and the elapsed time exceeds the maximum time allowed per benchmark.
+          // We don't count cycle delays toward the max time because delays may be
+          // increased by browsers that clamp timeouts for inactive tabs. For more
+          // information see https://developer.mozilla.org/en/window.setTimeout#Inactive_tabs.
+          if (maxedOut) {
+            // Reset the `initCount` in case the benchmark is rerun.
+            bench.initCount = initCount;
+            bench.running = false;
+            done = true;
+            times.elapsed = (now - times.timeStamp) / 1e3;
+          }
+          if (bench.hz != Infinity) {
+            bench.hz = 1 / mean;
+            times.cycle = mean * bench.count;
+            times.period = mean;
+          }
+        }
+        // If time permits, increase sample size to reduce the margin of error.
+        if (queue.length < 2 && !maxedOut) {
+          enqueue();
+        }
+        // Abort the `invoke` cycle when done.
+        event.aborted = done;
+      }
+
+      // Init queue and begin.
+      enqueue();
+      invoke(queue, {
+        'name': 'run',
+        'args': { 'async': async },
+        'queued': true,
+        'onCycle': evaluate,
+        'onComplete': function() { bench.emit('complete'); }
+      });
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Cycles a benchmark until a run `count` can be established.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} clone The cloned benchmark instance.
+     * @param {Object} options The options object.
+     */
+    function cycle(clone, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+
+      var deferred;
+      if (clone instanceof Deferred) {
+        deferred = clone;
+        clone = clone.benchmark;
+      }
+      var clocked,
+          cycles,
+          divisor,
+          event,
+          minTime,
+          period,
+          async = options.async,
+          bench = clone._original,
+          count = clone.count,
+          times = clone.times;
+
+      // Continue, if not aborted between cycles.
+      if (clone.running) {
+        // `minTime` is set to `Benchmark.options.minTime` in `clock()`.
+        cycles = ++clone.cycles;
+        clocked = deferred ? deferred.elapsed : clock(clone);
+        minTime = clone.minTime;
+
+        if (cycles > bench.cycles) {
+          bench.cycles = cycles;
+        }
+        if (clone.error) {
+          event = Event('error');
+          event.message = clone.error;
+          clone.emit(event);
+          if (!event.cancelled) {
+            clone.abort();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // Continue, if not errored.
+      if (clone.running) {
+        // Compute the time taken to complete last test cycle.
+        bench.times.cycle = times.cycle = clocked;
+        // Compute the seconds per operation.
+        period = bench.times.period = times.period = clocked / count;
+        // Compute the ops per second.
+        bench.hz = clone.hz = 1 / period;
+        // Avoid working our way up to this next time.
+        bench.initCount = clone.initCount = count;
+        // Do we need to do another cycle?
+        clone.running = clocked < minTime;
+
+        if (clone.running) {
+          // Tests may clock at `0` when `initCount` is a small number,
+          // to avoid that we set its count to something a bit higher.
+          if (!clocked && (divisor = divisors[clone.cycles]) != null) {
+            count = floor(4e6 / divisor);
+          }
+          // Calculate how many more iterations it will take to achieve the `minTime`.
+          if (count <= clone.count) {
+            count += Math.ceil((minTime - clocked) / period);
+          }
+          clone.running = count != Infinity;
+        }
+      }
+      // Should we exit early?
+      event = Event('cycle');
+      clone.emit(event);
+      if (event.aborted) {
+        clone.abort();
+      }
+      // Figure out what to do next.
+      if (clone.running) {
+        // Start a new cycle.
+        clone.count = count;
+        if (deferred) {
+          clone.compiled.call(deferred, context, timer);
+        } else if (async) {
+          delay(clone, function() { cycle(clone, options); });
+        } else {
+          cycle(clone);
+        }
+      }
+      else {
+        // Fix TraceMonkey bug associated with clock fallbacks.
+        // For more information see http://bugzil.la/509069.
+        if (support.browser) {
+          runScript(uid + '=1;delete ' + uid);
+        }
+        // We're done.
+        clone.emit('complete');
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the benchmark.
+     *
+     * @memberOf Benchmark
+     * @param {Object} [options={}] Options object.
+     * @returns {Object} The benchmark instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // basic usage
+     * bench.run();
+     *
+     * // or with options
+     * bench.run({ 'async': true });
+     */
+    function run(options) {
+      var bench = this,
+          event = Event('start');
+
+      // Set `running` to `false` so `reset()` won't call `abort()`.
+      bench.running = false;
+      bench.reset();
+      bench.running = true;
+
+      bench.count = bench.initCount;
+      bench.times.timeStamp = _.now();
+      bench.emit(event);
+
+      if (!event.cancelled) {
+        options = { 'async': ((options = options && options.async) == null ? bench.async : options) && support.timeout };
+
+        // For clones created within `compute()`.
+        if (bench._original) {
+          if (bench.defer) {
+            Deferred(bench);
+          } else {
+            cycle(bench, options);
+          }
+        }
+        // For original benchmarks.
+        else {
+          compute(bench, options);
+        }
+      }
+      return bench;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Firefox 1 erroneously defines variable and argument names of functions on
+    // the function itself as non-configurable properties with `undefined` values.
+    // The bugginess continues as the `Benchmark` constructor has an argument
+    // named `options` and Firefox 1 will not assign a value to `Benchmark.options`,
+    // making it non-writable in the process, unless it is the first property
+    // assigned by for-in loop of `_.assign()`.
+    _.assign(Benchmark, {
+
+      /**
+       * The default options copied by benchmark instances.
+       *
+       * @static
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'options': {
+
+        /**
+         * A flag to indicate that benchmark cycles will execute asynchronously
+         * by default.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type boolean
+         */
+        'async': false,
+
+        /**
+         * A flag to indicate that the benchmark clock is deferred.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type boolean
+         */
+        'defer': false,
+
+        /**
+         * The delay between test cycles (secs).
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'delay': 0.005,
+
+        /**
+         * Displayed by `Benchmark#toString` when a `name` is not available
+         * (auto-generated if absent).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type string
+         */
+        'id': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * The default number of times to execute a test on a benchmark's first cycle.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'initCount': 1,
+
+        /**
+         * The maximum time a benchmark is allowed to run before finishing (secs).
+         *
+         * Note: Cycle delays aren't counted toward the maximum time.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'maxTime': 5,
+
+        /**
+         * The minimum sample size required to perform statistical analysis.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'minSamples': 5,
+
+        /**
+         * The time needed to reduce the percent uncertainty of measurement to 1% (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'minTime': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The name of the benchmark.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type string
+         */
+        'name': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark is aborted.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onAbort': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark completes running.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onComplete': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called after each run cycle.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onCycle': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when a test errors.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onError': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark is reset.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onReset': undefined,
+
+        /**
+         * An event listener called when the benchmark starts running.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark.options
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        'onStart': undefined
+      },
+
+      /**
+       * Platform object with properties describing things like browser name,
+       * version, and operating system. See [`platform.js`](http://mths.be/platform).
+       *
+       * @static
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'platform': context.platform || req('platform') || ({
+        'description': context.navigator && context.navigator.userAgent || null,
+        'layout': null,
+        'product': null,
+        'name': null,
+        'manufacturer': null,
+        'os': null,
+        'prerelease': null,
+        'version': null,
+        'toString': function() {
+          return this.description || '';
+        }
+      }),
+
+      /**
+       * The semantic version number.
+       *
+       * @static
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'version': '2.0.0'
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Benchmark, {
+      'filter': filter,
+      'formatNumber': formatNumber,
+      'invoke': invoke,
+      'join': join,
+      'runInContext': runInContext,
+      'support': support
+    });
+
+    // Add lodash methods to Benchmark.
+    _.each(['each', 'forEach', 'forOwn', 'has', 'indexOf', 'map', 'reduce'], function(methodName) {
+      Benchmark[methodName] = _[methodName];
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Benchmark.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * The number of times a test was executed.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'count': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The number of cycles performed while benchmarking.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'cycles': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The number of executions per second.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'hz': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The compiled test function.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       */
+      'compiled': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The error object if the test failed.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'error': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The test to benchmark.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       */
+      'fn': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the benchmark is aborted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'aborted': false,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the benchmark is running.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'running': false,
+
+      /**
+       * Compiled into the test and executed immediately **before** the test loop.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       * @example
+       *
+       * // basic usage
+       * var bench = Benchmark({
+       *   'setup': function() {
+       *     var c = this.count,
+       *         element = document.getElementById('container');
+       *     while (c--) {
+       *       element.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+       *     }
+       *   },
+       *   'fn': function() {
+       *     element.removeChild(element.lastChild);
+       *   }
+       * });
+       *
+       * // compiles to something like:
+       * var c = this.count,
+       *     element = document.getElementById('container');
+       * while (c--) {
+       *   element.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+       * }
+       * var start = new Date;
+       * while (count--) {
+       *   element.removeChild(element.lastChild);
+       * }
+       * var end = new Date - start;
+       *
+       * // or using strings
+       * var bench = Benchmark({
+       *   'setup': '\
+       *     var a = 0;\n\
+       *     (function() {\n\
+       *       (function() {\n\
+       *         (function() {',
+       *   'fn': 'a += 1;',
+       *   'teardown': '\
+       *          }())\n\
+       *        }())\n\
+       *      }())'
+       * });
+       *
+       * // compiles to something like:
+       * var a = 0;
+       * (function() {
+       *   (function() {
+       *     (function() {
+       *       var start = new Date;
+       *       while (count--) {
+       *         a += 1;
+       *       }
+       *       var end = new Date - start;
+       *     }())
+       *   }())
+       * }())
+       */
+      'setup': _.noop,
+
+      /**
+       * Compiled into the test and executed immediately **after** the test loop.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type {Function|string}
+       */
+      'teardown': _.noop,
+
+      /**
+       * An object of stats including mean, margin or error, and standard deviation.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'stats': {
+
+        /**
+         * The margin of error.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'moe': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The relative margin of error (expressed as a percentage of the mean).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'rme': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The standard error of the mean.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'sem': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The sample standard deviation.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'deviation': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The sample arithmetic mean (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'mean': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The array of sampled periods.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type Array
+         */
+        'sample': [],
+
+        /**
+         * The sample variance.
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#stats
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'variance': 0
+      },
+
+      /**
+       * An object of timing data including cycle, elapsed, period, start, and stop.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'times': {
+
+        /**
+         * The time taken to complete the last cycle (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'cycle': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The time taken to complete the benchmark (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'elapsed': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * The time taken to execute the test once (secs).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'period': 0,
+
+        /**
+         * A timestamp of when the benchmark started (ms).
+         *
+         * @memberOf Benchmark#times
+         * @type number
+         */
+        'timeStamp': 0
+      }
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Benchmark.prototype, {
+      'abort': abort,
+      'clone': clone,
+      'compare': compare,
+      'emit': emit,
+      'listeners': listeners,
+      'off': off,
+      'on': on,
+      'reset': reset,
+      'run': run,
+      'toString': toStringBench
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Deferred.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * The deferred benchmark instance.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'benchmark': null,
+
+      /**
+       * The number of deferred cycles performed while benchmarking.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'cycles': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The time taken to complete the deferred benchmark (secs).
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'elapsed': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * A timestamp of when the deferred benchmark started (ms).
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Deferred
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'timeStamp': 0
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Deferred.prototype, {
+      'resolve': resolve
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Event.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the emitters listener iteration is aborted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'aborted': false,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the default action is cancelled.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'cancelled': false,
+
+      /**
+       * The object whose listeners are currently being processed.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'currentTarget': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The return value of the last executed listener.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type Mixed
+       */
+      'result': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * The object to which the event was originally emitted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'target': undefined,
+
+      /**
+       * A timestamp of when the event was created (ms).
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'timeStamp': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * The event type.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Event
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'type': ''
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The default options copied by suite instances.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    Suite.options = {
+
+      /**
+       * The name of the suite.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite.options
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'name': undefined
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    _.assign(Suite.prototype, {
+
+      /**
+       * The number of benchmarks in the suite.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+       * @type number
+       */
+      'length': 0,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the suite is aborted.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'aborted': false,
+
+      /**
+       * A flag to indicate if the suite is running.
+       *
+       * @memberOf Benchmark.Suite
+       * @type boolean
+       */
+      'running': false
+    });
+
+    _.assign(Suite.prototype, {
+      'abort': abortSuite,
+      'add': add,
+      'clone': cloneSuite,
+      'emit': emit,
+      'filter': filterSuite,
+      'join': arrayRef.join,
+      'listeners': listeners,
+      'off': off,
+      'on': on,
+      'pop': arrayRef.pop,
+      'push': push,
+      'reset': resetSuite,
+      'run': runSuite,
+      'reverse': arrayRef.reverse,
+      'shift': shift,
+      'slice': slice,
+      'sort': arrayRef.sort,
+      'splice': arrayRef.splice,
+      'unshift': unshift
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Expose Deferred, Event, and Suite.
+    _.assign(Benchmark, {
+      'Deferred': Deferred,
+      'Event': Event,
+      'Suite': Suite
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Add lodash methods as Suite methods.
+    _.each(['each', 'forEach', 'indexOf', 'map', 'reduce'], function(methodName) {
+      var func = _[methodName];
+      Suite.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = [this];
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
+        return func.apply(_, args);
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice`
+    // in Firefox < 10 and IE < 9.
+    _.each(['pop', 'shift', 'splice'], function(methodName) {
+      var func = arrayRef[methodName];
+
+      Suite.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var value = this,
+            result = func.apply(value, arguments);
+
+        if (value.length === 0) {
+          delete value[0];
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Avoid buggy `Array#unshift` in IE < 8 which doesn't return the new
+    // length of the array.
+    Suite.prototype.unshift = function() {
+      var value = this;
+      unshift.apply(value, arguments);
+      return value.length;
+    };
+
+    return Benchmark;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // Export Benchmark.
+  // Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be aliased.
+    define(['lodash', 'platform'], function(_, platform) {
+      return runInContext({
+        '_': _,
+        'platform': platform
+      });
+    });
+  }
+  else {
+    var Benchmark = runInContext();
+
+    // Check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object.
+    if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+      // Export for Node.js.
+      if (moduleExports) {
+        (freeModule.exports = Benchmark).Benchmark = Benchmark;
+      }
+      // Export for CommonJS support.
+      freeExports.Benchmark = Benchmark;
+    }
+    else {
+      // Export to the global object.
+      root.Benchmark = Benchmark;
+    }
+  }
+}.call(this));
diff --git a/dev/js/lib/lodash.js b/dev/js/lib/lodash.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1f45b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/js/lib/lodash.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12352 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * lodash 3.10.1 (Custom Build) <https://lodash.com/>
+ * Build: `lodash modern -o ./lodash.js`
+ * Copyright 2012-2015 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.8.3 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
+ * Copyright 2009-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+ * Available under MIT license <https://lodash.com/license>
+ */
+;(function() {
+
+  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre-ES5 environments. */
+  var undefined;
+
+  /** Used as the semantic version number. */
+  var VERSION = '3.10.1';
+
+  /** Used to compose bitmasks for wrapper metadata. */
+  var BIND_FLAG = 1,
+      BIND_KEY_FLAG = 2,
+      CURRY_BOUND_FLAG = 4,
+      CURRY_FLAG = 8,
+      CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG = 16,
+      PARTIAL_FLAG = 32,
+      PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG = 64,
+      ARY_FLAG = 128,
+      REARG_FLAG = 256;
+
+  /** Used as default options for `_.trunc`. */
+  var DEFAULT_TRUNC_LENGTH = 30,
+      DEFAULT_TRUNC_OMISSION = '...';
+
+  /** Used to detect when a function becomes hot. */
+  var HOT_COUNT = 150,
+      HOT_SPAN = 16;
+
+  /** Used as the size to enable large array optimizations. */
+  var LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE = 200;
+
+  /** Used to indicate the type of lazy iteratees. */
+  var LAZY_FILTER_FLAG = 1,
+      LAZY_MAP_FLAG = 2;
+
+  /** Used as the `TypeError` message for "Functions" methods. */
+  var FUNC_ERROR_TEXT = 'Expected a function';
+
+  /** Used as the internal argument placeholder. */
+  var PLACEHOLDER = '__lodash_placeholder__';
+
+  /** `Object#toString` result references. */
+  var argsTag = '[object Arguments]',
+      arrayTag = '[object Array]',
+      boolTag = '[object Boolean]',
+      dateTag = '[object Date]',
+      errorTag = '[object Error]',
+      funcTag = '[object Function]',
+      mapTag = '[object Map]',
+      numberTag = '[object Number]',
+      objectTag = '[object Object]',
+      regexpTag = '[object RegExp]',
+      setTag = '[object Set]',
+      stringTag = '[object String]',
+      weakMapTag = '[object WeakMap]';
+
+  var arrayBufferTag = '[object ArrayBuffer]',
+      float32Tag = '[object Float32Array]',
+      float64Tag = '[object Float64Array]',
+      int8Tag = '[object Int8Array]',
+      int16Tag = '[object Int16Array]',
+      int32Tag = '[object Int32Array]',
+      uint8Tag = '[object Uint8Array]',
+      uint8ClampedTag = '[object Uint8ClampedArray]',
+      uint16Tag = '[object Uint16Array]',
+      uint32Tag = '[object Uint32Array]';
+
+  /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source. */
+  var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
+      reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
+      reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;
+
+  /** Used to match HTML entities and HTML characters. */
+  var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39|#96);/g,
+      reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"'`]/g,
+      reHasEscapedHtml = RegExp(reEscapedHtml.source),
+      reHasUnescapedHtml = RegExp(reUnescapedHtml.source);
+
+  /** Used to match template delimiters. */
+  var reEscape = /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+      reEvaluate = /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+      reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
+
+  /** Used to match property names within property paths. */
+  var reIsDeepProp = /\.|\[(?:[^[\]]*|(["'])(?:(?!\1)[^\n\\]|\\.)*?\1)\]/,
+      reIsPlainProp = /^\w*$/,
+      rePropName = /[^.[\]]+|\[(?:(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)|(["'])((?:(?!\2)[^\n\\]|\\.)*?)\2)\]/g;
+
+  /**
+   * Used to match `RegExp` [syntax characters](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-patterns)
+   * and those outlined by [`EscapeRegExpPattern`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-escaperegexppattern).
+   */
+  var reRegExpChars = /^[:!,]|[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|\/]|(^[0-9a-fA-Fnrtuvx])|([\n\r\u2028\u2029])/g,
+      reHasRegExpChars = RegExp(reRegExpChars.source);
+
+  /** Used to match [combining diacritical marks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks). */
+  var reComboMark = /[\u0300-\u036f\ufe20-\ufe23]/g;
+
+  /** Used to match backslashes in property paths. */
+  var reEscapeChar = /\\(\\)?/g;
+
+  /** Used to match [ES template delimiters](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-template-literal-lexical-components). */
+  var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;
+
+  /** Used to match `RegExp` flags from their coerced string values. */
+  var reFlags = /\w*$/;
+
+  /** Used to detect hexadecimal string values. */
+  var reHasHexPrefix = /^0[xX]/;
+
+  /** Used to detect host constructors (Safari > 5). */
+  var reIsHostCtor = /^\[object .+?Constructor\]$/;
+
+  /** Used to detect unsigned integer values. */
+  var reIsUint = /^\d+$/;
+
+  /** Used to match latin-1 supplementary letters (excluding mathematical operators). */
+  var reLatin1 = /[\xc0-\xd6\xd8-\xde\xdf-\xf6\xf8-\xff]/g;
+
+  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters. */
+  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
+
+  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals. */
+  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
+
+  /** Used to match words to create compound words. */
+  var reWords = (function() {
+    var upper = '[A-Z\\xc0-\\xd6\\xd8-\\xde]',
+        lower = '[a-z\\xdf-\\xf6\\xf8-\\xff]+';
+
+    return RegExp(upper + '+(?=' + upper + lower + ')|' + upper + '?' + lower + '|' + upper + '+|[0-9]+', 'g');
+  }());
+
+  /** Used to assign default `context` object properties. */
+  var contextProps = [
+    'Array', 'ArrayBuffer', 'Date', 'Error', 'Float32Array', 'Float64Array',
+    'Function', 'Int8Array', 'Int16Array', 'Int32Array', 'Math', 'Number',
+    'Object', 'RegExp', 'Set', 'String', '_', 'clearTimeout', 'isFinite',
+    'parseFloat', 'parseInt', 'setTimeout', 'TypeError', 'Uint8Array',
+    'Uint8ClampedArray', 'Uint16Array', 'Uint32Array', 'WeakMap'
+  ];
+
+  /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify. */
+  var templateCounter = -1;
+
+  /** Used to identify `toStringTag` values of typed arrays. */
+  var typedArrayTags = {};
+  typedArrayTags[float32Tag] = typedArrayTags[float64Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[int8Tag] = typedArrayTags[int16Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[int32Tag] = typedArrayTags[uint8Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[uint8ClampedTag] = typedArrayTags[uint16Tag] =
+  typedArrayTags[uint32Tag] = true;
+  typedArrayTags[argsTag] = typedArrayTags[arrayTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[arrayBufferTag] = typedArrayTags[boolTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[dateTag] = typedArrayTags[errorTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[funcTag] = typedArrayTags[mapTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[numberTag] = typedArrayTags[objectTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[regexpTag] = typedArrayTags[setTag] =
+  typedArrayTags[stringTag] = typedArrayTags[weakMapTag] = false;
+
+  /** Used to identify `toStringTag` values supported by `_.clone`. */
+  var cloneableTags = {};
+  cloneableTags[argsTag] = cloneableTags[arrayTag] =
+  cloneableTags[arrayBufferTag] = cloneableTags[boolTag] =
+  cloneableTags[dateTag] = cloneableTags[float32Tag] =
+  cloneableTags[float64Tag] = cloneableTags[int8Tag] =
+  cloneableTags[int16Tag] = cloneableTags[int32Tag] =
+  cloneableTags[numberTag] = cloneableTags[objectTag] =
+  cloneableTags[regexpTag] = cloneableTags[stringTag] =
+  cloneableTags[uint8Tag] = cloneableTags[uint8ClampedTag] =
+  cloneableTags[uint16Tag] = cloneableTags[uint32Tag] = true;
+  cloneableTags[errorTag] = cloneableTags[funcTag] =
+  cloneableTags[mapTag] = cloneableTags[setTag] =
+  cloneableTags[weakMapTag] = false;
+
+  /** Used to map latin-1 supplementary letters to basic latin letters. */
+  var deburredLetters = {
+    '\xc0': 'A',  '\xc1': 'A', '\xc2': 'A', '\xc3': 'A', '\xc4': 'A', '\xc5': 'A',
+    '\xe0': 'a',  '\xe1': 'a', '\xe2': 'a', '\xe3': 'a', '\xe4': 'a', '\xe5': 'a',
+    '\xc7': 'C',  '\xe7': 'c',
+    '\xd0': 'D',  '\xf0': 'd',
+    '\xc8': 'E',  '\xc9': 'E', '\xca': 'E', '\xcb': 'E',
+    '\xe8': 'e',  '\xe9': 'e', '\xea': 'e', '\xeb': 'e',
+    '\xcC': 'I',  '\xcd': 'I', '\xce': 'I', '\xcf': 'I',
+    '\xeC': 'i',  '\xed': 'i', '\xee': 'i', '\xef': 'i',
+    '\xd1': 'N',  '\xf1': 'n',
+    '\xd2': 'O',  '\xd3': 'O', '\xd4': 'O', '\xd5': 'O', '\xd6': 'O', '\xd8': 'O',
+    '\xf2': 'o',  '\xf3': 'o', '\xf4': 'o', '\xf5': 'o', '\xf6': 'o', '\xf8': 'o',
+    '\xd9': 'U',  '\xda': 'U', '\xdb': 'U', '\xdc': 'U',
+    '\xf9': 'u',  '\xfa': 'u', '\xfb': 'u', '\xfc': 'u',
+    '\xdd': 'Y',  '\xfd': 'y', '\xff': 'y',
+    '\xc6': 'Ae', '\xe6': 'ae',
+    '\xde': 'Th', '\xfe': 'th',
+    '\xdf': 'ss'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to map characters to HTML entities. */
+  var htmlEscapes = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#39;',
+    '`': '&#96;'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to map HTML entities to characters. */
+  var htmlUnescapes = {
+    '&amp;': '&',
+    '&lt;': '<',
+    '&gt;': '>',
+    '&quot;': '"',
+    '&#39;': "'",
+    '&#96;': '`'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type `Object`. */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true
+  };
+
+  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled regexes. */
+  var regexpEscapes = {
+    '0': 'x30', '1': 'x31', '2': 'x32', '3': 'x33', '4': 'x34',
+    '5': 'x35', '6': 'x36', '7': 'x37', '8': 'x38', '9': 'x39',
+    'A': 'x41', 'B': 'x42', 'C': 'x43', 'D': 'x44', 'E': 'x45', 'F': 'x46',
+    'a': 'x61', 'b': 'x62', 'c': 'x63', 'd': 'x64', 'e': 'x65', 'f': 'x66',
+    'n': 'x6e', 'r': 'x72', 't': 'x74', 'u': 'x75', 'v': 'x76', 'x': 'x78'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals. */
+  var stringEscapes = {
+    '\\': '\\',
+    "'": "'",
+    '\n': 'n',
+    '\r': 'r',
+    '\u2028': 'u2028',
+    '\u2029': 'u2029'
+  };
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports`. */
+  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module`. */
+  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js. */
+  var freeGlobal = freeExports && freeModule && typeof global == 'object' && global && global.Object && global;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `self`. */
+  var freeSelf = objectTypes[typeof self] && self && self.Object && self;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `window`. */
+  var freeWindow = objectTypes[typeof window] && window && window.Object && window;
+
+  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports`. */
+  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;
+
+  /**
+   * Used as a reference to the global object.
+   *
+   * The `this` value is used if it's the global object to avoid Greasemonkey's
+   * restricted `window` object, otherwise the `window` object is used.
+   */
+  var root = freeGlobal || ((freeWindow !== (this && this.window)) && freeWindow) || freeSelf || this;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `compareAscending` which compares values and
+   * sorts them in ascending order without guaranteeing a stable sort.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+   * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `value`.
+   */
+  function baseCompareAscending(value, other) {
+    if (value !== other) {
+      var valIsNull = value === null,
+          valIsUndef = value === undefined,
+          valIsReflexive = value === value;
+
+      var othIsNull = other === null,
+          othIsUndef = other === undefined,
+          othIsReflexive = other === other;
+
+      if ((value > other && !othIsNull) || !valIsReflexive ||
+          (valIsNull && !othIsUndef && othIsReflexive) ||
+          (valIsUndef && othIsReflexive)) {
+        return 1;
+      }
+      if ((value < other && !valIsNull) || !othIsReflexive ||
+          (othIsNull && !valIsUndef && valIsReflexive) ||
+          (othIsUndef && valIsReflexive)) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.findIndex` and `_.findLastIndex` without
+   * support for callback shorthands and `this` binding.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+   */
+  function baseFindIndex(array, predicate, fromRight) {
+    var length = array.length,
+        index = fromRight ? length : -1;
+
+    while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+      if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.indexOf` without support for binary searches.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {number} fromIndex The index to search from.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+   */
+  function baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+    if (value !== value) {
+      return indexOfNaN(array, fromIndex);
+    }
+    var index = fromIndex - 1,
+        length = array.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (array[index] === value) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The base implementation of `_.isFunction` without support for environments
+   * with incorrect `typeof` results.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+   */
+  function baseIsFunction(value) {
+    // Avoid a Chakra JIT bug in compatibility modes of IE 11.
+    // See https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/issues/1621 for more details.
+    return typeof value == 'function' || false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts `value` to a string if it's not one. An empty string is returned
+   * for `null` or `undefined` values.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value to process.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the string.
+   */
+  function baseToString(value) {
+    return value == null ? '' : (value + '');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimLeft` to get the index of the first character
+   * of `string` that is not found in `chars`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
+   * @param {string} chars The characters to find.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the first character not found in `chars`.
+   */
+  function charsLeftIndex(string, chars) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = string.length;
+
+    while (++index < length && chars.indexOf(string.charAt(index)) > -1) {}
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimRight` to get the index of the last character
+   * of `string` that is not found in `chars`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
+   * @param {string} chars The characters to find.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the last character not found in `chars`.
+   */
+  function charsRightIndex(string, chars) {
+    var index = string.length;
+
+    while (index-- && chars.indexOf(string.charAt(index)) > -1) {}
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.sortBy` to compare transformed elements of a collection and stable
+   * sort them in ascending order.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+   * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `object`.
+   */
+  function compareAscending(object, other) {
+    return baseCompareAscending(object.criteria, other.criteria) || (object.index - other.index);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.sortByOrder` to compare multiple properties of a value to another
+   * and stable sort them.
+   *
+   * If `orders` is unspecified, all valuess are sorted in ascending order. Otherwise,
+   * a value is sorted in ascending order if its corresponding order is "asc", and
+   * descending if "desc".
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+   * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+   * @param {boolean[]} orders The order to sort by for each property.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `object`.
+   */
+  function compareMultiple(object, other, orders) {
+    var index = -1,
+        objCriteria = object.criteria,
+        othCriteria = other.criteria,
+        length = objCriteria.length,
+        ordersLength = orders.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var result = baseCompareAscending(objCriteria[index], othCriteria[index]);
+      if (result) {
+        if (index >= ordersLength) {
+          return result;
+        }
+        var order = orders[index];
+        return result * ((order === 'asc' || order === true) ? 1 : -1);
+      }
+    }
+    // Fixes an `Array#sort` bug in the JS engine embedded in Adobe applications
+    // that causes it, under certain circumstances, to provide the same value for
+    // `object` and `other`. See https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/pull/1247
+    // for more details.
+    //
+    // This also ensures a stable sort in V8 and other engines.
+    // See https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90 for more details.
+    return object.index - other.index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.deburr` to convert latin-1 supplementary letters to basic latin letters.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} letter The matched letter to deburr.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the deburred letter.
+   */
+  function deburrLetter(letter) {
+    return deburredLetters[letter];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeHtmlChar(chr) {
+    return htmlEscapes[chr];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.escapeRegExp` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled regexes.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
+   * @param {string} leadingChar The capture group for a leading character.
+   * @param {string} whitespaceChar The capture group for a whitespace character.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeRegExpChar(chr, leadingChar, whitespaceChar) {
+    if (leadingChar) {
+      chr = regexpEscapes[chr];
+    } else if (whitespaceChar) {
+      chr = stringEscapes[chr];
+    }
+    return '\\' + chr;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeStringChar(chr) {
+    return '\\' + stringEscapes[chr];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `NaN` is found in `array`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {number} fromIndex The index to search from.
+   * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched `NaN`, else `-1`.
+   */
+  function indexOfNaN(array, fromIndex, fromRight) {
+    var length = array.length,
+        index = fromIndex + (fromRight ? 0 : -1);
+
+    while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+      var other = array[index];
+      if (other !== other) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is object-like.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is object-like, else `false`.
+   */
+  function isObjectLike(value) {
+    return !!value && typeof value == 'object';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `trimmedLeftIndex` and `trimmedRightIndex` to determine if a
+   * character code is whitespace.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {number} charCode The character code to inspect.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `charCode` is whitespace, else `false`.
+   */
+  function isSpace(charCode) {
+    return ((charCode <= 160 && (charCode >= 9 && charCode <= 13) || charCode == 32 || charCode == 160) || charCode == 5760 || charCode == 6158 ||
+      (charCode >= 8192 && (charCode <= 8202 || charCode == 8232 || charCode == 8233 || charCode == 8239 || charCode == 8287 || charCode == 12288 || charCode == 65279)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replaces all `placeholder` elements in `array` with an internal placeholder
+   * and returns an array of their indexes.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+   * @param {*} placeholder The placeholder to replace.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of placeholder indexes.
+   */
+  function replaceHolders(array, placeholder) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array.length,
+        resIndex = -1,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (array[index] === placeholder) {
+        array[index] = PLACEHOLDER;
+        result[++resIndex] = index;
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * An implementation of `_.uniq` optimized for sorted arrays without support
+   * for callback shorthands and `this` binding.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+   * @param {Function} [iteratee] The function invoked per iteration.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+   */
+  function sortedUniq(array, iteratee) {
+    var seen,
+        index = -1,
+        length = array.length,
+        resIndex = -1,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index],
+          computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value, index, array) : value;
+
+      if (!index || seen !== computed) {
+        seen = computed;
+        result[++resIndex] = value;
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimLeft` to get the index of the first non-whitespace
+   * character of `string`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the first non-whitespace character.
+   */
+  function trimmedLeftIndex(string) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = string.length;
+
+    while (++index < length && isSpace(string.charCodeAt(index))) {}
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimRight` to get the index of the last non-whitespace
+   * character of `string`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
+   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the last non-whitespace character.
+   */
+  function trimmedRightIndex(string) {
+    var index = string.length;
+
+    while (index-- && isSpace(string.charCodeAt(index))) {}
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} chr The matched character to unescape.
+   * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped character.
+   */
+  function unescapeHtmlChar(chr) {
+    return htmlUnescapes[chr];
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new pristine `lodash` function using the given `context` object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utility
+   * @param {Object} [context=root] The context object.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns a new `lodash` function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.mixin({ 'foo': _.constant('foo') });
+   *
+   * var lodash = _.runInContext();
+   * lodash.mixin({ 'bar': lodash.constant('bar') });
+   *
+   * _.isFunction(_.foo);
+   * // => true
+   * _.isFunction(_.bar);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * lodash.isFunction(lodash.foo);
+   * // => false
+   * lodash.isFunction(lodash.bar);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * // using `context` to mock `Date#getTime` use in `_.now`
+   * var mock = _.runInContext({
+   *   'Date': function() {
+   *     return { 'getTime': getTimeMock };
+   *   }
+   * });
+   *
+   * // or creating a suped-up `defer` in Node.js
+   * var defer = _.runInContext({ 'setTimeout': setImmediate }).defer;
+   */
+  function runInContext(context) {
+    // Avoid issues with some ES3 environments that attempt to use values, named
+    // after built-in constructors like `Object`, for the creation of literals.
+    // ES5 clears this up by stating that literals must use built-in constructors.
+    // See https://es5.github.io/#x11.1.5 for more details.
+    context = context ? _.defaults(root.Object(), context, _.pick(root, contextProps)) : root;
+
+    /** Native constructor references. */
+    var Array = context.Array,
+        Date = context.Date,
+        Error = context.Error,
+        Function = context.Function,
+        Math = context.Math,
+        Number = context.Number,
+        Object = context.Object,
+        RegExp = context.RegExp,
+        String = context.String,
+        TypeError = context.TypeError;
+
+    /** Used for native method references. */
+    var arrayProto = Array.prototype,
+        objectProto = Object.prototype,
+        stringProto = String.prototype;
+
+    /** Used to resolve the decompiled source of functions. */
+    var fnToString = Function.prototype.toString;
+
+    /** Used to check objects for own properties. */
+    var hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+    /** Used to generate unique IDs. */
+    var idCounter = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to resolve the [`toStringTag`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-object.prototype.tostring)
+     * of values.
+     */
+    var objToString = objectProto.toString;
+
+    /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `_.noConflict`. */
+    var oldDash = root._;
+
+    /** Used to detect if a method is native. */
+    var reIsNative = RegExp('^' +
+      fnToString.call(hasOwnProperty).replace(/[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|]/g, '\\$&')
+      .replace(/hasOwnProperty|(function).*?(?=\\\()| for .+?(?=\\\])/g, '$1.*?') + '$'
+    );
+
+    /** Native method references. */
+    var ArrayBuffer = context.ArrayBuffer,
+        clearTimeout = context.clearTimeout,
+        parseFloat = context.parseFloat,
+        pow = Math.pow,
+        propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable,
+        Set = getNative(context, 'Set'),
+        setTimeout = context.setTimeout,
+        splice = arrayProto.splice,
+        Uint8Array = context.Uint8Array,
+        WeakMap = getNative(context, 'WeakMap');
+
+    /* Native method references for those with the same name as other `lodash` methods. */
+    var nativeCeil = Math.ceil,
+        nativeCreate = getNative(Object, 'create'),
+        nativeFloor = Math.floor,
+        nativeIsArray = getNative(Array, 'isArray'),
+        nativeIsFinite = context.isFinite,
+        nativeKeys = getNative(Object, 'keys'),
+        nativeMax = Math.max,
+        nativeMin = Math.min,
+        nativeNow = getNative(Date, 'now'),
+        nativeParseInt = context.parseInt,
+        nativeRandom = Math.random;
+
+    /** Used as references for `-Infinity` and `Infinity`. */
+    var NEGATIVE_INFINITY = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+        POSITIVE_INFINITY = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+
+    /** Used as references for the maximum length and index of an array. */
+    var MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH = 4294967295,
+        MAX_ARRAY_INDEX = MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH - 1,
+        HALF_MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH = MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH >>> 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Used as the [maximum length](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-number.max_safe_integer)
+     * of an array-like value.
+     */
+    var MAX_SAFE_INTEGER = 9007199254740991;
+
+    /** Used to store function metadata. */
+    var metaMap = WeakMap && new WeakMap;
+
+    /** Used to lookup unminified function names. */
+    var realNames = {};
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `lodash` object which wraps `value` to enable implicit chaining.
+     * Methods that operate on and return arrays, collections, and functions can
+     * be chained together. Methods that retrieve a single value or may return a
+     * primitive value will automatically end the chain returning the unwrapped
+     * value. Explicit chaining may be enabled using `_.chain`. The execution of
+     * chained methods is lazy, that is, execution is deferred until `_#value`
+     * is implicitly or explicitly called.
+     *
+     * Lazy evaluation allows several methods to support shortcut fusion. Shortcut
+     * fusion is an optimization strategy which merge iteratee calls; this can help
+     * to avoid the creation of intermediate data structures and greatly reduce the
+     * number of iteratee executions.
+     *
+     * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `_#value` method is
+     * directly or indirectly included in the build.
+     *
+     * In addition to lodash methods, wrappers have `Array` and `String` methods.
+     *
+     * The wrapper `Array` methods are:
+     * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`,
+     * `splice`, and `unshift`
+     *
+     * The wrapper `String` methods are:
+     * `replace` and `split`
+     *
+     * The wrapper methods that support shortcut fusion are:
+     * `compact`, `drop`, `dropRight`, `dropRightWhile`, `dropWhile`, `filter`,
+     * `first`, `initial`, `last`, `map`, `pluck`, `reject`, `rest`, `reverse`,
+     * `slice`, `take`, `takeRight`, `takeRightWhile`, `takeWhile`, `toArray`,
+     * and `where`
+     *
+     * The chainable wrapper methods are:
+     * `after`, `ary`, `assign`, `at`, `before`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`,
+     * `callback`, `chain`, `chunk`, `commit`, `compact`, `concat`, `constant`,
+     * `countBy`, `create`, `curry`, `debounce`, `defaults`, `defaultsDeep`,
+     * `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `drop`, `dropRight`, `dropRightWhile`,
+     * `dropWhile`, `fill`, `filter`, `flatten`, `flattenDeep`, `flow`, `flowRight`,
+     * `forEach`, `forEachRight`, `forIn`, `forInRight`, `forOwn`, `forOwnRight`,
+     * `functions`, `groupBy`, `indexBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`,
+     * `invoke`, `keys`, `keysIn`, `map`, `mapKeys`, `mapValues`, `matches`,
+     * `matchesProperty`, `memoize`, `merge`, `method`, `methodOf`, `mixin`,
+     * `modArgs`, `negate`, `omit`, `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`,
+     * `partition`, `pick`, `plant`, `pluck`, `property`, `propertyOf`, `pull`,
+     * `pullAt`, `push`, `range`, `rearg`, `reject`, `remove`, `rest`, `restParam`,
+     * `reverse`, `set`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `sortByAll`,
+     * `sortByOrder`, `splice`, `spread`, `take`, `takeRight`, `takeRightWhile`,
+     * `takeWhile`, `tap`, `throttle`, `thru`, `times`, `toArray`, `toPlainObject`,
+     * `transform`, `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `unzip`, `unzipWith`, `values`,
+     * `valuesIn`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`, `xor`, `zip`, `zipObject`, `zipWith`
+     *
+     * The wrapper methods that are **not** chainable by default are:
+     * `add`, `attempt`, `camelCase`, `capitalize`, `ceil`, `clone`, `cloneDeep`,
+     * `deburr`, `endsWith`, `escape`, `escapeRegExp`, `every`, `find`, `findIndex`,
+     * `findKey`, `findLast`, `findLastIndex`, `findLastKey`, `findWhere`, `first`,
+     * `floor`, `get`, `gt`, `gte`, `has`, `identity`, `includes`, `indexOf`,
+     * `inRange`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`, `isElement`,
+     * `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isError`, `isFinite` `isFunction`, `isMatch`,
+     * `isNative`, `isNaN`, `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isPlainObject`,
+     * `isRegExp`, `isString`, `isUndefined`, `isTypedArray`, `join`, `kebabCase`,
+     * `last`, `lastIndexOf`, `lt`, `lte`, `max`, `min`, `noConflict`, `noop`,
+     * `now`, `pad`, `padLeft`, `padRight`, `parseInt`, `pop`, `random`, `reduce`,
+     * `reduceRight`, `repeat`, `result`, `round`, `runInContext`, `shift`, `size`,
+     * `snakeCase`, `some`, `sortedIndex`, `sortedLastIndex`, `startCase`,
+     * `startsWith`, `sum`, `template`, `trim`, `trimLeft`, `trimRight`, `trunc`,
+     * `unescape`, `uniqueId`, `value`, and `words`
+     *
+     * The wrapper method `sample` will return a wrapped value when `n` is provided,
+     * otherwise an unwrapped value is returned.
+     *
+     * @name _
+     * @constructor
+     * @category Chain
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
+     *
+     * // returns an unwrapped value
+     * wrapped.reduce(function(total, n) {
+     *   return total + n;
+     * });
+     * // => 6
+     *
+     * // returns a wrapped value
+     * var squares = wrapped.map(function(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * });
+     *
+     * _.isArray(squares);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isArray(squares.value());
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function lodash(value) {
+      if (isObjectLike(value) && !isArray(value) && !(value instanceof LazyWrapper)) {
+        if (value instanceof LodashWrapper) {
+          return value;
+        }
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__chain__') && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__')) {
+          return wrapperClone(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return new LodashWrapper(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The function whose prototype all chaining wrappers inherit from.
+     *
+     * @private
+     */
+    function baseLodash() {
+      // No operation performed.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base constructor for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     * @param {boolean} [chainAll] Enable chaining for all wrapper methods.
+     * @param {Array} [actions=[]] Actions to peform to resolve the unwrapped value.
+     */
+    function LodashWrapper(value, chainAll, actions) {
+      this.__wrapped__ = value;
+      this.__actions__ = actions || [];
+      this.__chain__ = !!chainAll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An object environment feature flags.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var support = lodash.support = {};
+
+    /**
+     * By default, the template delimiters used by lodash are like those in
+     * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use
+     * alternative delimiters.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    lodash.templateSettings = {
+
+      /**
+       * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type RegExp
+       */
+      'escape': reEscape,
+
+      /**
+       * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type RegExp
+       */
+      'evaluate': reEvaluate,
+
+      /**
+       * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type RegExp
+       */
+      'interpolate': reInterpolate,
+
+      /**
+       * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type string
+       */
+      'variable': '',
+
+      /**
+       * Used to import variables into the compiled template.
+       *
+       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+       * @type Object
+       */
+      'imports': {
+
+        /**
+         * A reference to the `lodash` function.
+         *
+         * @memberOf _.templateSettings.imports
+         * @type Function
+         */
+        '_': lodash
+      }
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a lazy wrapper object which wraps `value` to enable lazy evaluation.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     */
+    function LazyWrapper(value) {
+      this.__wrapped__ = value;
+      this.__actions__ = [];
+      this.__dir__ = 1;
+      this.__filtered__ = false;
+      this.__iteratees__ = [];
+      this.__takeCount__ = POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+      this.__views__ = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of the lazy wrapper object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name clone
+     * @memberOf LazyWrapper
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned `LazyWrapper` object.
+     */
+    function lazyClone() {
+      var result = new LazyWrapper(this.__wrapped__);
+      result.__actions__ = arrayCopy(this.__actions__);
+      result.__dir__ = this.__dir__;
+      result.__filtered__ = this.__filtered__;
+      result.__iteratees__ = arrayCopy(this.__iteratees__);
+      result.__takeCount__ = this.__takeCount__;
+      result.__views__ = arrayCopy(this.__views__);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverses the direction of lazy iteration.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name reverse
+     * @memberOf LazyWrapper
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new reversed `LazyWrapper` object.
+     */
+    function lazyReverse() {
+      if (this.__filtered__) {
+        var result = new LazyWrapper(this);
+        result.__dir__ = -1;
+        result.__filtered__ = true;
+      } else {
+        result = this.clone();
+        result.__dir__ *= -1;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the unwrapped value from its lazy wrapper.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name value
+     * @memberOf LazyWrapper
+     * @returns {*} Returns the unwrapped value.
+     */
+    function lazyValue() {
+      var array = this.__wrapped__.value(),
+          dir = this.__dir__,
+          isArr = isArray(array),
+          isRight = dir < 0,
+          arrLength = isArr ? array.length : 0,
+          view = getView(0, arrLength, this.__views__),
+          start = view.start,
+          end = view.end,
+          length = end - start,
+          index = isRight ? end : (start - 1),
+          iteratees = this.__iteratees__,
+          iterLength = iteratees.length,
+          resIndex = 0,
+          takeCount = nativeMin(length, this.__takeCount__);
+
+      if (!isArr || arrLength < LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE || (arrLength == length && takeCount == length)) {
+        return baseWrapperValue(array, this.__actions__);
+      }
+      var result = [];
+
+      outer:
+      while (length-- && resIndex < takeCount) {
+        index += dir;
+
+        var iterIndex = -1,
+            value = array[index];
+
+        while (++iterIndex < iterLength) {
+          var data = iteratees[iterIndex],
+              iteratee = data.iteratee,
+              type = data.type,
+              computed = iteratee(value);
+
+          if (type == LAZY_MAP_FLAG) {
+            value = computed;
+          } else if (!computed) {
+            if (type == LAZY_FILTER_FLAG) {
+              continue outer;
+            } else {
+              break outer;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        result[resIndex++] = value;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a cache object to store key/value pairs.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @static
+     * @name Cache
+     * @memberOf _.memoize
+     */
+    function MapCache() {
+      this.__data__ = {};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes `key` and its value from the cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name delete
+     * @memberOf _.memoize.Cache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to remove.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the entry was removed successfully, else `false`.
+     */
+    function mapDelete(key) {
+      return this.has(key) && delete this.__data__[key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cached value for `key`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name get
+     * @memberOf _.memoize.Cache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the cached value.
+     */
+    function mapGet(key) {
+      return key == '__proto__' ? undefined : this.__data__[key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a cached value for `key` exists.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name has
+     * @memberOf _.memoize.Cache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the entry to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if an entry for `key` exists, else `false`.
+     */
+    function mapHas(key) {
+      return key != '__proto__' && hasOwnProperty.call(this.__data__, key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets `value` to `key` of the cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name set
+     * @memberOf _.memoize.Cache
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to cache.
+     * @param {*} value The value to cache.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cache object.
+     */
+    function mapSet(key, value) {
+      if (key != '__proto__') {
+        this.__data__[key] = value;
+      }
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * Creates a cache object to store unique values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} [values] The values to cache.
+     */
+    function SetCache(values) {
+      var length = values ? values.length : 0;
+
+      this.data = { 'hash': nativeCreate(null), 'set': new Set };
+      while (length--) {
+        this.push(values[length]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is in `cache` mimicking the return signature of
+     * `_.indexOf` by returning `0` if the value is found, else `-1`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} cache The cache to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @returns {number} Returns `0` if `value` is found, else `-1`.
+     */
+    function cacheIndexOf(cache, value) {
+      var data = cache.data,
+          result = (typeof value == 'string' || isObject(value)) ? data.set.has(value) : data.hash[value];
+
+      return result ? 0 : -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds `value` to the cache.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @name push
+     * @memberOf SetCache
+     * @param {*} value The value to cache.
+     */
+    function cachePush(value) {
+      var data = this.data;
+      if (typeof value == 'string' || isObject(value)) {
+        data.set.add(value);
+      } else {
+        data.hash[value] = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new array joining `array` with `other`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to join.
+     * @param {Array} other The other array to join.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new concatenated array.
+     */
+    function arrayConcat(array, other) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length,
+          othIndex = -1,
+          othLength = other.length,
+          result = Array(length + othLength);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = array[index];
+      }
+      while (++othIndex < othLength) {
+        result[index++] = other[othIndex];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the values of `source` to `array`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} source The array to copy values from.
+     * @param {Array} [array=[]] The array to copy values to.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function arrayCopy(source, array) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = source.length;
+
+      array || (array = Array(length));
+      while (++index < length) {
+        array[index] = source[index];
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.forEach` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function arrayEach(array, iteratee) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (iteratee(array[index], index, array) === false) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.forEachRight` for arrays without support for
+     * callback shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function arrayEachRight(array, iteratee) {
+      var length = array.length;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        if (iteratee(array[length], length, array) === false) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.every` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function arrayEvery(array, predicate) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (!predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseExtremum` for arrays which invokes `iteratee`
+     * with one argument: (value).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} comparator The function used to compare values.
+     * @param {*} exValue The initial extremum value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the extremum value.
+     */
+    function arrayExtremum(array, iteratee, comparator, exValue) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length,
+          computed = exValue,
+          result = computed;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            current = +iteratee(value);
+
+        if (comparator(current, computed)) {
+          computed = current;
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.filter` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     */
+    function arrayFilter(array, predicate) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length,
+          resIndex = -1,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (predicate(value, index, array)) {
+          result[++resIndex] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.map` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
+     */
+    function arrayMap(array, iteratee) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length,
+          result = Array(length);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = iteratee(array[index], index, array);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the elements of `values` to `array`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to append.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function arrayPush(array, values) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = values.length,
+          offset = array.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        array[offset + index] = values[index];
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.reduce` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+     * @param {boolean} [initFromArray] Specify using the first element of `array`
+     *  as the initial value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     */
+    function arrayReduce(array, iteratee, accumulator, initFromArray) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      if (initFromArray && length) {
+        accumulator = array[++index];
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        accumulator = iteratee(accumulator, array[index], index, array);
+      }
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.reduceRight` for arrays without support for
+     * callback shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+     * @param {boolean} [initFromArray] Specify using the last element of `array`
+     *  as the initial value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     */
+    function arrayReduceRight(array, iteratee, accumulator, initFromArray) {
+      var length = array.length;
+      if (initFromArray && length) {
+        accumulator = array[--length];
+      }
+      while (length--) {
+        accumulator = iteratee(accumulator, array[length], length, array);
+      }
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.some` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function arraySome(array, predicate) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.sum` for arrays without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding..
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+     */
+    function arraySum(array, iteratee) {
+      var length = array.length,
+          result = 0;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        result += +iteratee(array[length]) || 0;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `_.defaults` to customize its `_.assign` use.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} objectValue The destination object property value.
+     * @param {*} sourceValue The source object property value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign to the destination object.
+     */
+    function assignDefaults(objectValue, sourceValue) {
+      return objectValue === undefined ? sourceValue : objectValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `_.template` to customize its `_.assign` use.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function is like `assignDefaults` except that it ignores
+     * inherited property values when checking if a property is `undefined`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} objectValue The destination object property value.
+     * @param {*} sourceValue The source object property value.
+     * @param {string} key The key associated with the object and source values.
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign to the destination object.
+     */
+    function assignOwnDefaults(objectValue, sourceValue, key, object) {
+      return (objectValue === undefined || !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key))
+        ? sourceValue
+        : objectValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.assign` for customizing assigned values without
+     * support for argument juggling, multiple sources, and `this` binding `customizer`
+     * functions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @param {Function} customizer The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function assignWith(object, source, customizer) {
+      var index = -1,
+          props = keys(source),
+          length = props.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index],
+            value = object[key],
+            result = customizer(value, source[key], key, object, source);
+
+        if ((result === result ? (result !== value) : (value === value)) ||
+            (value === undefined && !(key in object))) {
+          object[key] = result;
+        }
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.assign` without support for argument juggling,
+     * multiple sources, and `customizer` functions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseAssign(object, source) {
+      return source == null
+        ? object
+        : baseCopy(source, keys(source), object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.at` without support for string collections
+     * and individual key arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {number[]|string[]} props The property names or indexes of elements to pick.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of picked elements.
+     */
+    function baseAt(collection, props) {
+      var index = -1,
+          isNil = collection == null,
+          isArr = !isNil && isArrayLike(collection),
+          length = isArr ? collection.length : 0,
+          propsLength = props.length,
+          result = Array(propsLength);
+
+      while(++index < propsLength) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if (isArr) {
+          result[index] = isIndex(key, length) ? collection[key] : undefined;
+        } else {
+          result[index] = isNil ? undefined : collection[key];
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies properties of `source` to `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} source The object to copy properties from.
+     * @param {Array} props The property names to copy.
+     * @param {Object} [object={}] The object to copy properties to.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseCopy(source, props, object) {
+      object || (object = {});
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        object[key] = source[key];
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.callback` which supports specifying the
+     * number of arguments to provide to `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} [func=_.identity] The value to convert to a callback.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments to provide to `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the callback.
+     */
+    function baseCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
+      var type = typeof func;
+      if (type == 'function') {
+        return thisArg === undefined
+          ? func
+          : bindCallback(func, thisArg, argCount);
+      }
+      if (func == null) {
+        return identity;
+      }
+      if (type == 'object') {
+        return baseMatches(func);
+      }
+      return thisArg === undefined
+        ? property(func)
+        : baseMatchesProperty(func, thisArg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.clone` without support for argument juggling
+     * and `this` binding `customizer` functions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize cloning values.
+     * @param {string} [key] The key of `value`.
+     * @param {Object} [object] The object `value` belongs to.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates clones with source counterparts.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
+     */
+    function baseClone(value, isDeep, customizer, key, object, stackA, stackB) {
+      var result;
+      if (customizer) {
+        result = object ? customizer(value, key, object) : customizer(value);
+      }
+      if (result !== undefined) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      if (!isObject(value)) {
+        return value;
+      }
+      var isArr = isArray(value);
+      if (isArr) {
+        result = initCloneArray(value);
+        if (!isDeep) {
+          return arrayCopy(value, result);
+        }
+      } else {
+        var tag = objToString.call(value),
+            isFunc = tag == funcTag;
+
+        if (tag == objectTag || tag == argsTag || (isFunc && !object)) {
+          result = initCloneObject(isFunc ? {} : value);
+          if (!isDeep) {
+            return baseAssign(result, value);
+          }
+        } else {
+          return cloneableTags[tag]
+            ? initCloneByTag(value, tag, isDeep)
+            : (object ? value : {});
+        }
+      }
+      // Check for circular references and return its corresponding clone.
+      stackA || (stackA = []);
+      stackB || (stackB = []);
+
+      var length = stackA.length;
+      while (length--) {
+        if (stackA[length] == value) {
+          return stackB[length];
+        }
+      }
+      // Add the source value to the stack of traversed objects and associate it with its clone.
+      stackA.push(value);
+      stackB.push(result);
+
+      // Recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits).
+      (isArr ? arrayEach : baseForOwn)(value, function(subValue, key) {
+        result[key] = baseClone(subValue, isDeep, customizer, key, value, stackA, stackB);
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.create` without support for assigning
+     * properties to the created object.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    var baseCreate = (function() {
+      function object() {}
+      return function(prototype) {
+        if (isObject(prototype)) {
+          object.prototype = prototype;
+          var result = new object;
+          object.prototype = undefined;
+        }
+        return result || {};
+      };
+    }());
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.delay` and `_.defer` which accepts an index
+     * of where to slice the arguments to provide to `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay invocation.
+     * @param {Object} args The arguments provide to `func`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+     */
+    function baseDelay(func, wait, args) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.difference` which accepts a single array
+     * of values to exclude.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Array} values The values to exclude.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     */
+    function baseDifference(array, values) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0,
+          result = [];
+
+      if (!length) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+          isCommon = indexOf === baseIndexOf,
+          cache = (isCommon && values.length >= LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE) ? createCache(values) : null,
+          valuesLength = values.length;
+
+      if (cache) {
+        indexOf = cacheIndexOf;
+        isCommon = false;
+        values = cache;
+      }
+      outer:
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+
+        if (isCommon && value === value) {
+          var valuesIndex = valuesLength;
+          while (valuesIndex--) {
+            if (values[valuesIndex] === value) {
+              continue outer;
+            }
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+        else if (indexOf(values, value, 0) < 0) {
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forEach` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
+     */
+    var baseEach = createBaseEach(baseForOwn);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forEachRight` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
+     */
+    var baseEachRight = createBaseEach(baseForOwnRight, true);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.every` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`
+     */
+    function baseEvery(collection, predicate) {
+      var result = true;
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        result = !!predicate(value, index, collection);
+        return result;
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the extremum value of `collection` invoking `iteratee` for each value
+     * in `collection` to generate the criterion by which the value is ranked.
+     * The `iteratee` is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} comparator The function used to compare values.
+     * @param {*} exValue The initial extremum value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the extremum value.
+     */
+    function baseExtremum(collection, iteratee, comparator, exValue) {
+      var computed = exValue,
+          result = computed;
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        var current = +iteratee(value, index, collection);
+        if (comparator(current, computed) || (current === exValue && current === result)) {
+          computed = current;
+          result = value;
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.fill` without an iteratee call guard.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to fill.
+     * @param {*} value The value to fill `array` with.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function baseFill(array, value, start, end) {
+      var length = array.length;
+
+      start = start == null ? 0 : (+start || 0);
+      if (start < 0) {
+        start = -start > length ? 0 : (length + start);
+      }
+      end = (end === undefined || end > length) ? length : (+end || 0);
+      if (end < 0) {
+        end += length;
+      }
+      length = start > end ? 0 : (end >>> 0);
+      start >>>= 0;
+
+      while (start < length) {
+        array[start++] = value;
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.filter` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     */
+    function baseFilter(collection, predicate) {
+      var result = [];
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        if (predicate(value, index, collection)) {
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.find`, `_.findLast`, `_.findKey`, and `_.findLastKey`,
+     * without support for callback shorthands and `this` binding, which iterates
+     * over `collection` using the provided `eachFunc`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over `collection`.
+     * @param {boolean} [retKey] Specify returning the key of the found element
+     *  instead of the element itself.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the found element or its key, else `undefined`.
+     */
+    function baseFind(collection, predicate, eachFunc, retKey) {
+      var result;
+      eachFunc(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        if (predicate(value, key, collection)) {
+          result = retKey ? key : value;
+          return false;
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.flatten` with added support for restricting
+     * flattening and specifying the start index.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep flatten.
+     * @param {boolean} [isStrict] Restrict flattening to arrays-like objects.
+     * @param {Array} [result=[]] The initial result value.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     */
+    function baseFlatten(array, isDeep, isStrict, result) {
+      result || (result = []);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (isObjectLike(value) && isArrayLike(value) &&
+            (isStrict || isArray(value) || isArguments(value))) {
+          if (isDeep) {
+            // Recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+            baseFlatten(value, isDeep, isStrict, result);
+          } else {
+            arrayPush(result, value);
+          }
+        } else if (!isStrict) {
+          result[result.length] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `baseForIn` and `baseForOwn` which iterates
+     * over `object` properties returned by `keysFunc` invoking `iteratee` for
+     * each property. Iteratee functions may exit iteration early by explicitly
+     * returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    var baseFor = createBaseFor();
+
+    /**
+     * This function is like `baseFor` except that it iterates over properties
+     * in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    var baseForRight = createBaseFor(true);
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forIn` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseForIn(object, iteratee) {
+      return baseFor(object, iteratee, keysIn);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forOwn` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseForOwn(object, iteratee) {
+      return baseFor(object, iteratee, keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.forOwnRight` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseForOwnRight(object, iteratee) {
+      return baseForRight(object, iteratee, keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.functions` which creates an array of
+     * `object` function property names filtered from those provided.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Array} props The property names to filter.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered property names.
+     */
+    function baseFunctions(object, props) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length,
+          resIndex = -1,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if (isFunction(object[key])) {
+          result[++resIndex] = key;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `get` without support for string paths
+     * and default values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {string} [pathKey] The key representation of path.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     */
+    function baseGet(object, path, pathKey) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return;
+      }
+      if (pathKey !== undefined && pathKey in toObject(object)) {
+        path = [pathKey];
+      }
+      var index = 0,
+          length = path.length;
+
+      while (object != null && index < length) {
+        object = object[path[index++]];
+      }
+      return (index && index == length) ? object : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isEqual` without support for `this` binding
+     * `customizer` functions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparing values.
+     * @param {boolean} [isLoose] Specify performing partial comparisons.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA] Tracks traversed `value` objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB] Tracks traversed `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsEqual(value, other, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB) {
+      if (value === other) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (value == null || other == null || (!isObject(value) && !isObjectLike(other))) {
+        return value !== value && other !== other;
+      }
+      return baseIsEqualDeep(value, other, baseIsEqual, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqual` for arrays and objects which performs
+     * deep comparisons and tracks traversed objects enabling objects with circular
+     * references to be compared.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparing objects.
+     * @param {boolean} [isLoose] Specify performing partial comparisons.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `value` objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsEqualDeep(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB) {
+      var objIsArr = isArray(object),
+          othIsArr = isArray(other),
+          objTag = arrayTag,
+          othTag = arrayTag;
+
+      if (!objIsArr) {
+        objTag = objToString.call(object);
+        if (objTag == argsTag) {
+          objTag = objectTag;
+        } else if (objTag != objectTag) {
+          objIsArr = isTypedArray(object);
+        }
+      }
+      if (!othIsArr) {
+        othTag = objToString.call(other);
+        if (othTag == argsTag) {
+          othTag = objectTag;
+        } else if (othTag != objectTag) {
+          othIsArr = isTypedArray(other);
+        }
+      }
+      var objIsObj = objTag == objectTag,
+          othIsObj = othTag == objectTag,
+          isSameTag = objTag == othTag;
+
+      if (isSameTag && !(objIsArr || objIsObj)) {
+        return equalByTag(object, other, objTag);
+      }
+      if (!isLoose) {
+        var objIsWrapped = objIsObj && hasOwnProperty.call(object, '__wrapped__'),
+            othIsWrapped = othIsObj && hasOwnProperty.call(other, '__wrapped__');
+
+        if (objIsWrapped || othIsWrapped) {
+          return equalFunc(objIsWrapped ? object.value() : object, othIsWrapped ? other.value() : other, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB);
+        }
+      }
+      if (!isSameTag) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Assume cyclic values are equal.
+      // For more information on detecting circular references see https://es5.github.io/#JO.
+      stackA || (stackA = []);
+      stackB || (stackB = []);
+
+      var length = stackA.length;
+      while (length--) {
+        if (stackA[length] == object) {
+          return stackB[length] == other;
+        }
+      }
+      // Add `object` and `other` to the stack of traversed objects.
+      stackA.push(object);
+      stackB.push(other);
+
+      var result = (objIsArr ? equalArrays : equalObjects)(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB);
+
+      stackA.pop();
+      stackB.pop();
+
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.isMatch` without support for callback
+     * shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Array} matchData The propery names, values, and compare flags to match.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparing objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` is a match, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseIsMatch(object, matchData, customizer) {
+      var index = matchData.length,
+          length = index,
+          noCustomizer = !customizer;
+
+      if (object == null) {
+        return !length;
+      }
+      object = toObject(object);
+      while (index--) {
+        var data = matchData[index];
+        if ((noCustomizer && data[2])
+              ? data[1] !== object[data[0]]
+              : !(data[0] in object)
+            ) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        data = matchData[index];
+        var key = data[0],
+            objValue = object[key],
+            srcValue = data[1];
+
+        if (noCustomizer && data[2]) {
+          if (objValue === undefined && !(key in object)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        } else {
+          var result = customizer ? customizer(objValue, srcValue, key) : undefined;
+          if (!(result === undefined ? baseIsEqual(srcValue, objValue, customizer, true) : result)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.map` without support for callback shorthands
+     * and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
+     */
+    function baseMap(collection, iteratee) {
+      var index = -1,
+          result = isArrayLike(collection) ? Array(collection.length) : [];
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        result[++index] = iteratee(value, key, collection);
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.matches` which does not clone `source`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     */
+    function baseMatches(source) {
+      var matchData = getMatchData(source);
+      if (matchData.length == 1 && matchData[0][2]) {
+        var key = matchData[0][0],
+            value = matchData[0][1];
+
+        return function(object) {
+          if (object == null) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          return object[key] === value && (value !== undefined || (key in toObject(object)));
+        };
+      }
+      return function(object) {
+        return baseIsMatch(object, matchData);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.matchesProperty` which does not clone `srcValue`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The value to compare.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     */
+    function baseMatchesProperty(path, srcValue) {
+      var isArr = isArray(path),
+          isCommon = isKey(path) && isStrictComparable(srcValue),
+          pathKey = (path + '');
+
+      path = toPath(path);
+      return function(object) {
+        if (object == null) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        var key = pathKey;
+        object = toObject(object);
+        if ((isArr || !isCommon) && !(key in object)) {
+          object = path.length == 1 ? object : baseGet(object, baseSlice(path, 0, -1));
+          if (object == null) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          key = last(path);
+          object = toObject(object);
+        }
+        return object[key] === srcValue
+          ? (srcValue !== undefined || (key in object))
+          : baseIsEqual(srcValue, object[key], undefined, true);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.merge` without support for argument juggling,
+     * multiple sources, and `this` binding `customizer` functions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize merged values.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates values with source counterparts.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     */
+    function baseMerge(object, source, customizer, stackA, stackB) {
+      if (!isObject(object)) {
+        return object;
+      }
+      var isSrcArr = isArrayLike(source) && (isArray(source) || isTypedArray(source)),
+          props = isSrcArr ? undefined : keys(source);
+
+      arrayEach(props || source, function(srcValue, key) {
+        if (props) {
+          key = srcValue;
+          srcValue = source[key];
+        }
+        if (isObjectLike(srcValue)) {
+          stackA || (stackA = []);
+          stackB || (stackB = []);
+          baseMergeDeep(object, source, key, baseMerge, customizer, stackA, stackB);
+        }
+        else {
+          var value = object[key],
+              result = customizer ? customizer(value, srcValue, key, object, source) : undefined,
+              isCommon = result === undefined;
+
+          if (isCommon) {
+            result = srcValue;
+          }
+          if ((result !== undefined || (isSrcArr && !(key in object))) &&
+              (isCommon || (result === result ? (result !== value) : (value === value)))) {
+            object[key] = result;
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseMerge` for arrays and objects which performs
+     * deep merges and tracks traversed objects enabling objects with circular
+     * references to be merged.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The source object.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the value to merge.
+     * @param {Function} mergeFunc The function to merge values.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize merged values.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates values with source counterparts.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseMergeDeep(object, source, key, mergeFunc, customizer, stackA, stackB) {
+      var length = stackA.length,
+          srcValue = source[key];
+
+      while (length--) {
+        if (stackA[length] == srcValue) {
+          object[key] = stackB[length];
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      var value = object[key],
+          result = customizer ? customizer(value, srcValue, key, object, source) : undefined,
+          isCommon = result === undefined;
+
+      if (isCommon) {
+        result = srcValue;
+        if (isArrayLike(srcValue) && (isArray(srcValue) || isTypedArray(srcValue))) {
+          result = isArray(value)
+            ? value
+            : (isArrayLike(value) ? arrayCopy(value) : []);
+        }
+        else if (isPlainObject(srcValue) || isArguments(srcValue)) {
+          result = isArguments(value)
+            ? toPlainObject(value)
+            : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {});
+        }
+        else {
+          isCommon = false;
+        }
+      }
+      // Add the source value to the stack of traversed objects and associate
+      // it with its merged value.
+      stackA.push(srcValue);
+      stackB.push(result);
+
+      if (isCommon) {
+        // Recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        object[key] = mergeFunc(result, srcValue, customizer, stackA, stackB);
+      } else if (result === result ? (result !== value) : (value === value)) {
+        object[key] = result;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.property` without support for deep paths.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} key The key of the property to get.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     */
+    function baseProperty(key) {
+      return function(object) {
+        return object == null ? undefined : object[key];
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseProperty` which supports deep paths.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     */
+    function basePropertyDeep(path) {
+      var pathKey = (path + '');
+      path = toPath(path);
+      return function(object) {
+        return baseGet(object, path, pathKey);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.pullAt` without support for individual
+     * index arguments and capturing the removed elements.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {number[]} indexes The indexes of elements to remove.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function basePullAt(array, indexes) {
+      var length = array ? indexes.length : 0;
+      while (length--) {
+        var index = indexes[length];
+        if (index != previous && isIndex(index)) {
+          var previous = index;
+          splice.call(array, index, 1);
+        }
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.random` without support for argument juggling
+     * and returning floating-point numbers.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} min The minimum possible value.
+     * @param {number} max The maximum possible value.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the random number.
+     */
+    function baseRandom(min, max) {
+      return min + nativeFloor(nativeRandom() * (max - min + 1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.reduce` and `_.reduceRight` without support
+     * for callback shorthands and `this` binding, which iterates over `collection`
+     * using the provided `eachFunc`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} accumulator The initial value.
+     * @param {boolean} initFromCollection Specify using the first or last element
+     *  of `collection` as the initial value.
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over `collection`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     */
+    function baseReduce(collection, iteratee, accumulator, initFromCollection, eachFunc) {
+      eachFunc(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        accumulator = initFromCollection
+          ? (initFromCollection = false, value)
+          : iteratee(accumulator, value, index, collection);
+      });
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `setData` without support for hot loop detection.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to associate metadata with.
+     * @param {*} data The metadata.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `func`.
+     */
+    var baseSetData = !metaMap ? identity : function(func, data) {
+      metaMap.set(func, data);
+      return func;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.slice` without an iteratee call guard.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to slice.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     */
+    function baseSlice(array, start, end) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      start = start == null ? 0 : (+start || 0);
+      if (start < 0) {
+        start = -start > length ? 0 : (length + start);
+      }
+      end = (end === undefined || end > length) ? length : (+end || 0);
+      if (end < 0) {
+        end += length;
+      }
+      length = start > end ? 0 : ((end - start) >>> 0);
+      start >>>= 0;
+
+      var result = Array(length);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = array[index + start];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.some` without support for callback shorthands
+     * and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     */
+    function baseSome(collection, predicate) {
+      var result;
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        result = predicate(value, index, collection);
+        return !result;
+      });
+      return !!result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.sortBy` which uses `comparer` to define
+     * the sort order of `array` and replaces criteria objects with their
+     * corresponding values.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to sort.
+     * @param {Function} comparer The function to define sort order.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function baseSortBy(array, comparer) {
+      var length = array.length;
+
+      array.sort(comparer);
+      while (length--) {
+        array[length] = array[length].value;
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.sortByOrder` without param guards.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function[]|Object[]|string[]} iteratees The iteratees to sort by.
+     * @param {boolean[]} orders The sort orders of `iteratees`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     */
+    function baseSortByOrder(collection, iteratees, orders) {
+      var callback = getCallback(),
+          index = -1;
+
+      iteratees = arrayMap(iteratees, function(iteratee) { return callback(iteratee); });
+
+      var result = baseMap(collection, function(value) {
+        var criteria = arrayMap(iteratees, function(iteratee) { return iteratee(value); });
+        return { 'criteria': criteria, 'index': ++index, 'value': value };
+      });
+
+      return baseSortBy(result, function(object, other) {
+        return compareMultiple(object, other, orders);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.sum` without support for callback shorthands
+     * and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+     */
+    function baseSum(collection, iteratee) {
+      var result = 0;
+      baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        result += +iteratee(value, index, collection) || 0;
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.uniq` without support for callback shorthands
+     * and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate free array.
+     */
+    function baseUniq(array, iteratee) {
+      var index = -1,
+          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+          length = array.length,
+          isCommon = indexOf === baseIndexOf,
+          isLarge = isCommon && length >= LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE,
+          seen = isLarge ? createCache() : null,
+          result = [];
+
+      if (seen) {
+        indexOf = cacheIndexOf;
+        isCommon = false;
+      } else {
+        isLarge = false;
+        seen = iteratee ? [] : result;
+      }
+      outer:
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index],
+            computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value, index, array) : value;
+
+        if (isCommon && value === value) {
+          var seenIndex = seen.length;
+          while (seenIndex--) {
+            if (seen[seenIndex] === computed) {
+              continue outer;
+            }
+          }
+          if (iteratee) {
+            seen.push(computed);
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+        else if (indexOf(seen, computed, 0) < 0) {
+          if (iteratee || isLarge) {
+            seen.push(computed);
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.values` and `_.valuesIn` which creates an
+     * array of `object` property values corresponding to the property names
+     * of `props`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array} props The property names to get values for.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the array of property values.
+     */
+    function baseValues(object, props) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length,
+          result = Array(length);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = object[props[index]];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `_.dropRightWhile`, `_.dropWhile`, `_.takeRightWhile`,
+     * and `_.takeWhile` without support for callback shorthands and `this` binding.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDrop] Specify dropping elements instead of taking them.
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     */
+    function baseWhile(array, predicate, isDrop, fromRight) {
+      var length = array.length,
+          index = fromRight ? length : -1;
+
+      while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length) && predicate(array[index], index, array)) {}
+      return isDrop
+        ? baseSlice(array, (fromRight ? 0 : index), (fromRight ? index + 1 : length))
+        : baseSlice(array, (fromRight ? index + 1 : 0), (fromRight ? length : index));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The base implementation of `wrapperValue` which returns the result of
+     * performing a sequence of actions on the unwrapped `value`, where each
+     * successive action is supplied the return value of the previous.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The unwrapped value.
+     * @param {Array} actions Actions to peform to resolve the unwrapped value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     */
+    function baseWrapperValue(value, actions) {
+      var result = value;
+      if (result instanceof LazyWrapper) {
+        result = result.value();
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          length = actions.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var action = actions[index];
+        result = action.func.apply(action.thisArg, arrayPush([result], action.args));
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a binary search of `array` to determine the index at which `value`
+     * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain its sort order.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {boolean} [retHighest] Specify returning the highest qualified index.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     */
+    function binaryIndex(array, value, retHighest) {
+      var low = 0,
+          high = array ? array.length : low;
+
+      if (typeof value == 'number' && value === value && high <= HALF_MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH) {
+        while (low < high) {
+          var mid = (low + high) >>> 1,
+              computed = array[mid];
+
+          if ((retHighest ? (computed <= value) : (computed < value)) && computed !== null) {
+            low = mid + 1;
+          } else {
+            high = mid;
+          }
+        }
+        return high;
+      }
+      return binaryIndexBy(array, value, identity, retHighest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is like `binaryIndex` except that it invokes `iteratee` for
+     * `value` and each element of `array` to compute their sort ranking. The
+     * iteratee is invoked with one argument; (value).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {boolean} [retHighest] Specify returning the highest qualified index.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     */
+    function binaryIndexBy(array, value, iteratee, retHighest) {
+      value = iteratee(value);
+
+      var low = 0,
+          high = array ? array.length : 0,
+          valIsNaN = value !== value,
+          valIsNull = value === null,
+          valIsUndef = value === undefined;
+
+      while (low < high) {
+        var mid = nativeFloor((low + high) / 2),
+            computed = iteratee(array[mid]),
+            isDef = computed !== undefined,
+            isReflexive = computed === computed;
+
+        if (valIsNaN) {
+          var setLow = isReflexive || retHighest;
+        } else if (valIsNull) {
+          setLow = isReflexive && isDef && (retHighest || computed != null);
+        } else if (valIsUndef) {
+          setLow = isReflexive && (retHighest || isDef);
+        } else if (computed == null) {
+          setLow = false;
+        } else {
+          setLow = retHighest ? (computed <= value) : (computed < value);
+        }
+        if (setLow) {
+          low = mid + 1;
+        } else {
+          high = mid;
+        }
+      }
+      return nativeMin(high, MAX_ARRAY_INDEX);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseCallback` which only supports `this` binding
+     * and specifying the number of arguments to provide to `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+     * @param {*} thisArg The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments to provide to `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the callback.
+     */
+    function bindCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        return identity;
+      }
+      if (thisArg === undefined) {
+        return func;
+      }
+      switch (argCount) {
+        case 1: return function(value) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, value);
+        };
+        case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
+        };
+        case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
+        };
+        case 5: return function(value, other, key, object, source) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, value, other, key, object, source);
+        };
+      }
+      return function() {
+        return func.apply(thisArg, arguments);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of the given array buffer.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {ArrayBuffer} buffer The array buffer to clone.
+     * @returns {ArrayBuffer} Returns the cloned array buffer.
+     */
+    function bufferClone(buffer) {
+      var result = new ArrayBuffer(buffer.byteLength),
+          view = new Uint8Array(result);
+
+      view.set(new Uint8Array(buffer));
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array that is the composition of partially applied arguments,
+     * placeholders, and provided arguments into a single array of arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} args The provided arguments.
+     * @param {Array} partials The arguments to prepend to those provided.
+     * @param {Array} holders The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of composed arguments.
+     */
+    function composeArgs(args, partials, holders) {
+      var holdersLength = holders.length,
+          argsIndex = -1,
+          argsLength = nativeMax(args.length - holdersLength, 0),
+          leftIndex = -1,
+          leftLength = partials.length,
+          result = Array(leftLength + argsLength);
+
+      while (++leftIndex < leftLength) {
+        result[leftIndex] = partials[leftIndex];
+      }
+      while (++argsIndex < holdersLength) {
+        result[holders[argsIndex]] = args[argsIndex];
+      }
+      while (argsLength--) {
+        result[leftIndex++] = args[argsIndex++];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function is like `composeArgs` except that the arguments composition
+     * is tailored for `_.partialRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array|Object} args The provided arguments.
+     * @param {Array} partials The arguments to append to those provided.
+     * @param {Array} holders The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of composed arguments.
+     */
+    function composeArgsRight(args, partials, holders) {
+      var holdersIndex = -1,
+          holdersLength = holders.length,
+          argsIndex = -1,
+          argsLength = nativeMax(args.length - holdersLength, 0),
+          rightIndex = -1,
+          rightLength = partials.length,
+          result = Array(argsLength + rightLength);
+
+      while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
+        result[argsIndex] = args[argsIndex];
+      }
+      var offset = argsIndex;
+      while (++rightIndex < rightLength) {
+        result[offset + rightIndex] = partials[rightIndex];
+      }
+      while (++holdersIndex < holdersLength) {
+        result[offset + holders[holdersIndex]] = args[argsIndex++];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.countBy`, `_.groupBy`, `_.indexBy`, or `_.partition` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} setter The function to set keys and values of the accumulator object.
+     * @param {Function} [initializer] The function to initialize the accumulator object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new aggregator function.
+     */
+    function createAggregator(setter, initializer) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        var result = initializer ? initializer() : {};
+        iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+
+        if (isArray(collection)) {
+          var index = -1,
+              length = collection.length;
+
+          while (++index < length) {
+            var value = collection[index];
+            setter(result, value, iteratee(value, index, collection), collection);
+          }
+        } else {
+          baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+            setter(result, value, iteratee(value, key, collection), collection);
+          });
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.assign`, `_.defaults`, or `_.merge` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} assigner The function to assign values.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new assigner function.
+     */
+    function createAssigner(assigner) {
+      return restParam(function(object, sources) {
+        var index = -1,
+            length = object == null ? 0 : sources.length,
+            customizer = length > 2 ? sources[length - 2] : undefined,
+            guard = length > 2 ? sources[2] : undefined,
+            thisArg = length > 1 ? sources[length - 1] : undefined;
+
+        if (typeof customizer == 'function') {
+          customizer = bindCallback(customizer, thisArg, 5);
+          length -= 2;
+        } else {
+          customizer = typeof thisArg == 'function' ? thisArg : undefined;
+          length -= (customizer ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        if (guard && isIterateeCall(sources[0], sources[1], guard)) {
+          customizer = length < 3 ? undefined : customizer;
+          length = 1;
+        }
+        while (++index < length) {
+          var source = sources[index];
+          if (source) {
+            assigner(object, source, customizer);
+          }
+        }
+        return object;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `baseEach` or `baseEachRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over a collection.
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new base function.
+     */
+    function createBaseEach(eachFunc, fromRight) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee) {
+        var length = collection ? getLength(collection) : 0;
+        if (!isLength(length)) {
+          return eachFunc(collection, iteratee);
+        }
+        var index = fromRight ? length : -1,
+            iterable = toObject(collection);
+
+        while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+          if (iteratee(iterable[index], index, iterable) === false) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        return collection;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a base function for `_.forIn` or `_.forInRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new base function.
+     */
+    function createBaseFor(fromRight) {
+      return function(object, iteratee, keysFunc) {
+        var iterable = toObject(object),
+            props = keysFunc(object),
+            length = props.length,
+            index = fromRight ? length : -1;
+
+        while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+          var key = props[index];
+          if (iteratee(iterable[key], key, iterable) === false) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        return object;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` and invokes it with the `this`
+     * binding of `thisArg`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+     */
+    function createBindWrapper(func, thisArg) {
+      var Ctor = createCtorWrapper(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        var fn = (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) ? Ctor : func;
+        return fn.apply(thisArg, arguments);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `Set` cache object to optimize linear searches of large arrays.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} [values] The values to cache.
+     * @returns {null|Object} Returns the new cache object if `Set` is supported, else `null`.
+     */
+    function createCache(values) {
+      return (nativeCreate && Set) ? new SetCache(values) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that produces compound words out of the words in a
+     * given string.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} callback The function to combine each word.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new compounder function.
+     */
+    function createCompounder(callback) {
+      return function(string) {
+        var index = -1,
+            array = words(deburr(string)),
+            length = array.length,
+            result = '';
+
+        while (++index < length) {
+          result = callback(result, array[index], index);
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that produces an instance of `Ctor` regardless of
+     * whether it was invoked as part of a `new` expression or by `call` or `apply`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} Ctor The constructor to wrap.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createCtorWrapper(Ctor) {
+      return function() {
+        // Use a `switch` statement to work with class constructors.
+        // See http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-ecmascript-function-objects-call-thisargument-argumentslist
+        // for more details.
+        var args = arguments;
+        switch (args.length) {
+          case 0: return new Ctor;
+          case 1: return new Ctor(args[0]);
+          case 2: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1]);
+          case 3: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+          case 4: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3]);
+          case 5: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4]);
+          case 6: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5]);
+          case 7: return new Ctor(args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6]);
+        }
+        var thisBinding = baseCreate(Ctor.prototype),
+            result = Ctor.apply(thisBinding, args);
+
+        // Mimic the constructor's `return` behavior.
+        // See https://es5.github.io/#x13.2.2 for more details.
+        return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.curry` or `_.curryRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} flag The curry bit flag.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new curry function.
+     */
+    function createCurry(flag) {
+      function curryFunc(func, arity, guard) {
+        if (guard && isIterateeCall(func, arity, guard)) {
+          arity = undefined;
+        }
+        var result = createWrapper(func, flag, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, arity);
+        result.placeholder = curryFunc.placeholder;
+        return result;
+      }
+      return curryFunc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.defaults` or `_.defaultsDeep` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} assigner The function to assign values.
+     * @param {Function} customizer The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new defaults function.
+     */
+    function createDefaults(assigner, customizer) {
+      return restParam(function(args) {
+        var object = args[0];
+        if (object == null) {
+          return object;
+        }
+        args.push(customizer);
+        return assigner.apply(undefined, args);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.max` or `_.min` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} comparator The function used to compare values.
+     * @param {*} exValue The initial extremum value.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new extremum function.
+     */
+    function createExtremum(comparator, exValue) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        if (thisArg && isIterateeCall(collection, iteratee, thisArg)) {
+          iteratee = undefined;
+        }
+        iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+        if (iteratee.length == 1) {
+          collection = isArray(collection) ? collection : toIterable(collection);
+          var result = arrayExtremum(collection, iteratee, comparator, exValue);
+          if (!(collection.length && result === exValue)) {
+            return result;
+          }
+        }
+        return baseExtremum(collection, iteratee, comparator, exValue);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.find` or `_.findLast` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over a collection.
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new find function.
+     */
+    function createFind(eachFunc, fromRight) {
+      return function(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
+        predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+        if (isArray(collection)) {
+          var index = baseFindIndex(collection, predicate, fromRight);
+          return index > -1 ? collection[index] : undefined;
+        }
+        return baseFind(collection, predicate, eachFunc);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.findIndex` or `_.findLastIndex` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new find function.
+     */
+    function createFindIndex(fromRight) {
+      return function(array, predicate, thisArg) {
+        if (!(array && array.length)) {
+          return -1;
+        }
+        predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+        return baseFindIndex(array, predicate, fromRight);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.findKey` or `_.findLastKey` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} objectFunc The function to iterate over an object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new find function.
+     */
+    function createFindKey(objectFunc) {
+      return function(object, predicate, thisArg) {
+        predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+        return baseFind(object, predicate, objectFunc, true);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.flow` or `_.flowRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify iterating from right to left.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new flow function.
+     */
+    function createFlow(fromRight) {
+      return function() {
+        var wrapper,
+            length = arguments.length,
+            index = fromRight ? length : -1,
+            leftIndex = 0,
+            funcs = Array(length);
+
+        while ((fromRight ? index-- : ++index < length)) {
+          var func = funcs[leftIndex++] = arguments[index];
+          if (typeof func != 'function') {
+            throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+          }
+          if (!wrapper && LodashWrapper.prototype.thru && getFuncName(func) == 'wrapper') {
+            wrapper = new LodashWrapper([], true);
+          }
+        }
+        index = wrapper ? -1 : length;
+        while (++index < length) {
+          func = funcs[index];
+
+          var funcName = getFuncName(func),
+              data = funcName == 'wrapper' ? getData(func) : undefined;
+
+          if (data && isLaziable(data[0]) && data[1] == (ARY_FLAG | CURRY_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG | REARG_FLAG) && !data[4].length && data[9] == 1) {
+            wrapper = wrapper[getFuncName(data[0])].apply(wrapper, data[3]);
+          } else {
+            wrapper = (func.length == 1 && isLaziable(func)) ? wrapper[funcName]() : wrapper.thru(func);
+          }
+        }
+        return function() {
+          var args = arguments,
+              value = args[0];
+
+          if (wrapper && args.length == 1 && isArray(value) && value.length >= LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE) {
+            return wrapper.plant(value).value();
+          }
+          var index = 0,
+              result = length ? funcs[index].apply(this, args) : value;
+
+          while (++index < length) {
+            result = funcs[index].call(this, result);
+          }
+          return result;
+        };
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function for `_.forEach` or `_.forEachRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} arrayFunc The function to iterate over an array.
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over a collection.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new each function.
+     */
+    function createForEach(arrayFunc, eachFunc) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        return (typeof iteratee == 'function' && thisArg === undefined && isArray(collection))
+          ? arrayFunc(collection, iteratee)
+          : eachFunc(collection, bindCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3));
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function for `_.forIn` or `_.forInRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} objectFunc The function to iterate over an object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new each function.
+     */
+    function createForIn(objectFunc) {
+      return function(object, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        if (typeof iteratee != 'function' || thisArg !== undefined) {
+          iteratee = bindCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+        }
+        return objectFunc(object, iteratee, keysIn);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function for `_.forOwn` or `_.forOwnRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} objectFunc The function to iterate over an object.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new each function.
+     */
+    function createForOwn(objectFunc) {
+      return function(object, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        if (typeof iteratee != 'function' || thisArg !== undefined) {
+          iteratee = bindCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+        }
+        return objectFunc(object, iteratee);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function for `_.mapKeys` or `_.mapValues`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [isMapKeys] Specify mapping keys instead of values.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new map function.
+     */
+    function createObjectMapper(isMapKeys) {
+      return function(object, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        var result = {};
+        iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+
+        baseForOwn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+          var mapped = iteratee(value, key, object);
+          key = isMapKeys ? mapped : key;
+          value = isMapKeys ? value : mapped;
+          result[key] = value;
+        });
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function for `_.padLeft` or `_.padRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [fromRight] Specify padding from the right.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new pad function.
+     */
+    function createPadDir(fromRight) {
+      return function(string, length, chars) {
+        string = baseToString(string);
+        return (fromRight ? string : '') + createPadding(string, length, chars) + (fromRight ? '' : string);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.partial` or `_.partialRight` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} flag The partial bit flag.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partial function.
+     */
+    function createPartial(flag) {
+      var partialFunc = restParam(function(func, partials) {
+        var holders = replaceHolders(partials, partialFunc.placeholder);
+        return createWrapper(func, flag, undefined, partials, holders);
+      });
+      return partialFunc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function for `_.reduce` or `_.reduceRight`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} arrayFunc The function to iterate over an array.
+     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over a collection.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new each function.
+     */
+    function createReduce(arrayFunc, eachFunc) {
+      return function(collection, iteratee, accumulator, thisArg) {
+        var initFromArray = arguments.length < 3;
+        return (typeof iteratee == 'function' && thisArg === undefined && isArray(collection))
+          ? arrayFunc(collection, iteratee, accumulator, initFromArray)
+          : baseReduce(collection, getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 4), accumulator, initFromArray, eachFunc);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` and invokes it with optional `this`
+     * binding of, partial application, and currying.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to reference.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of flags. See `createWrapper` for more details.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} [partials] The arguments to prepend to those provided to the new function.
+     * @param {Array} [holders] The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [partialsRight] The arguments to append to those provided to the new function.
+     * @param {Array} [holdersRight] The `partialsRight` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [argPos] The argument positions of the new function.
+     * @param {number} [ary] The arity cap of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createHybridWrapper(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders, partialsRight, holdersRight, argPos, ary, arity) {
+      var isAry = bitmask & ARY_FLAG,
+          isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
+          isBindKey = bitmask & BIND_KEY_FLAG,
+          isCurry = bitmask & CURRY_FLAG,
+          isCurryBound = bitmask & CURRY_BOUND_FLAG,
+          isCurryRight = bitmask & CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG,
+          Ctor = isBindKey ? undefined : createCtorWrapper(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        // Avoid `arguments` object use disqualifying optimizations by
+        // converting it to an array before providing it to other functions.
+        var length = arguments.length,
+            index = length,
+            args = Array(length);
+
+        while (index--) {
+          args[index] = arguments[index];
+        }
+        if (partials) {
+          args = composeArgs(args, partials, holders);
+        }
+        if (partialsRight) {
+          args = composeArgsRight(args, partialsRight, holdersRight);
+        }
+        if (isCurry || isCurryRight) {
+          var placeholder = wrapper.placeholder,
+              argsHolders = replaceHolders(args, placeholder);
+
+          length -= argsHolders.length;
+          if (length < arity) {
+            var newArgPos = argPos ? arrayCopy(argPos) : undefined,
+                newArity = nativeMax(arity - length, 0),
+                newsHolders = isCurry ? argsHolders : undefined,
+                newHoldersRight = isCurry ? undefined : argsHolders,
+                newPartials = isCurry ? args : undefined,
+                newPartialsRight = isCurry ? undefined : args;
+
+            bitmask |= (isCurry ? PARTIAL_FLAG : PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG);
+            bitmask &= ~(isCurry ? PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG : PARTIAL_FLAG);
+
+            if (!isCurryBound) {
+              bitmask &= ~(BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG);
+            }
+            var newData = [func, bitmask, thisArg, newPartials, newsHolders, newPartialsRight, newHoldersRight, newArgPos, ary, newArity],
+                result = createHybridWrapper.apply(undefined, newData);
+
+            if (isLaziable(func)) {
+              setData(result, newData);
+            }
+            result.placeholder = placeholder;
+            return result;
+          }
+        }
+        var thisBinding = isBind ? thisArg : this,
+            fn = isBindKey ? thisBinding[func] : func;
+
+        if (argPos) {
+          args = reorder(args, argPos);
+        }
+        if (isAry && ary < args.length) {
+          args.length = ary;
+        }
+        if (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) {
+          fn = Ctor || createCtorWrapper(func);
+        }
+        return fn.apply(thisBinding, args);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the padding required for `string` based on the given `length`.
+     * The `chars` string is truncated if the number of characters exceeds `length`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} string The string to create padding for.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the pad for `string`.
+     */
+    function createPadding(string, length, chars) {
+      var strLength = string.length;
+      length = +length;
+
+      if (strLength >= length || !nativeIsFinite(length)) {
+        return '';
+      }
+      var padLength = length - strLength;
+      chars = chars == null ? ' ' : (chars + '');
+      return repeat(chars, nativeCeil(padLength / chars.length)).slice(0, padLength);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that wraps `func` and invokes it with the optional `this`
+     * binding of `thisArg` and the `partials` prepended to those provided to
+     * the wrapper.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of flags. See `createWrapper` for more details.
+     * @param {*} thisArg The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} partials The arguments to prepend to those provided to the new function.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+     */
+    function createPartialWrapper(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials) {
+      var isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
+          Ctor = createCtorWrapper(func);
+
+      function wrapper() {
+        // Avoid `arguments` object use disqualifying optimizations by
+        // converting it to an array before providing it `func`.
+        var argsIndex = -1,
+            argsLength = arguments.length,
+            leftIndex = -1,
+            leftLength = partials.length,
+            args = Array(leftLength + argsLength);
+
+        while (++leftIndex < leftLength) {
+          args[leftIndex] = partials[leftIndex];
+        }
+        while (argsLength--) {
+          args[leftIndex++] = arguments[++argsIndex];
+        }
+        var fn = (this && this !== root && this instanceof wrapper) ? Ctor : func;
+        return fn.apply(isBind ? thisArg : this, args);
+      }
+      return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.ceil`, `_.floor`, or `_.round` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {string} methodName The name of the `Math` method to use when rounding.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new round function.
+     */
+    function createRound(methodName) {
+      var func = Math[methodName];
+      return function(number, precision) {
+        precision = precision === undefined ? 0 : (+precision || 0);
+        if (precision) {
+          precision = pow(10, precision);
+          return func(number * precision) / precision;
+        }
+        return func(number);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `_.sortedIndex` or `_.sortedLastIndex` function.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {boolean} [retHighest] Specify returning the highest qualified index.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new index function.
+     */
+    function createSortedIndex(retHighest) {
+      return function(array, value, iteratee, thisArg) {
+        var callback = getCallback(iteratee);
+        return (iteratee == null && callback === baseCallback)
+          ? binaryIndex(array, value, retHighest)
+          : binaryIndexBy(array, value, callback(iteratee, thisArg, 1), retHighest);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that either curries or invokes `func` with optional
+     * `this` binding and partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to reference.
+     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of flags.
+     *  The bitmask may be composed of the following flags:
+     *     1 - `_.bind`
+     *     2 - `_.bindKey`
+     *     4 - `_.curry` or `_.curryRight` of a bound function
+     *     8 - `_.curry`
+     *    16 - `_.curryRight`
+     *    32 - `_.partial`
+     *    64 - `_.partialRight`
+     *   128 - `_.rearg`
+     *   256 - `_.ary`
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {Array} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @param {Array} [holders] The `partials` placeholder indexes.
+     * @param {Array} [argPos] The argument positions of the new function.
+     * @param {number} [ary] The arity cap of `func`.
+     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new wrapped function.
+     */
+    function createWrapper(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders, argPos, ary, arity) {
+      var isBindKey = bitmask & BIND_KEY_FLAG;
+      if (!isBindKey && typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      var length = partials ? partials.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        bitmask &= ~(PARTIAL_FLAG | PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG);
+        partials = holders = undefined;
+      }
+      length -= (holders ? holders.length : 0);
+      if (bitmask & PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG) {
+        var partialsRight = partials,
+            holdersRight = holders;
+
+        partials = holders = undefined;
+      }
+      var data = isBindKey ? undefined : getData(func),
+          newData = [func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders, partialsRight, holdersRight, argPos, ary, arity];
+
+      if (data) {
+        mergeData(newData, data);
+        bitmask = newData[1];
+        arity = newData[9];
+      }
+      newData[9] = arity == null
+        ? (isBindKey ? 0 : func.length)
+        : (nativeMax(arity - length, 0) || 0);
+
+      if (bitmask == BIND_FLAG) {
+        var result = createBindWrapper(newData[0], newData[2]);
+      } else if ((bitmask == PARTIAL_FLAG || bitmask == (BIND_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG)) && !newData[4].length) {
+        result = createPartialWrapper.apply(undefined, newData);
+      } else {
+        result = createHybridWrapper.apply(undefined, newData);
+      }
+      var setter = data ? baseSetData : setData;
+      return setter(result, newData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqualDeep` for arrays with support for
+     * partial deep comparisons.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to compare.
+     * @param {Array} other The other array to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparing arrays.
+     * @param {boolean} [isLoose] Specify performing partial comparisons.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA] Tracks traversed `value` objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB] Tracks traversed `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the arrays are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function equalArrays(array, other, equalFunc, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB) {
+      var index = -1,
+          arrLength = array.length,
+          othLength = other.length;
+
+      if (arrLength != othLength && !(isLoose && othLength > arrLength)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Ignore non-index properties.
+      while (++index < arrLength) {
+        var arrValue = array[index],
+            othValue = other[index],
+            result = customizer ? customizer(isLoose ? othValue : arrValue, isLoose ? arrValue : othValue, index) : undefined;
+
+        if (result !== undefined) {
+          if (result) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          return false;
+        }
+        // Recursively compare arrays (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        if (isLoose) {
+          if (!arraySome(other, function(othValue) {
+                return arrValue === othValue || equalFunc(arrValue, othValue, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB);
+              })) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        } else if (!(arrValue === othValue || equalFunc(arrValue, othValue, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqualDeep` for comparing objects of
+     * the same `toStringTag`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function only supports comparing values with tags of
+     * `Boolean`, `Date`, `Error`, `Number`, `RegExp`, or `String`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {string} tag The `toStringTag` of the objects to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function equalByTag(object, other, tag) {
+      switch (tag) {
+        case boolTag:
+        case dateTag:
+          // Coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
+          // to `1` or `0` treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal.
+          return +object == +other;
+
+        case errorTag:
+          return object.name == other.name && object.message == other.message;
+
+        case numberTag:
+          // Treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal.
+          return (object != +object)
+            ? other != +other
+            : object == +other;
+
+        case regexpTag:
+        case stringTag:
+          // Coerce regexes to strings and treat strings primitives and string
+          // objects as equal. See https://es5.github.io/#x15.10.6.4 for more details.
+          return object == (other + '');
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `baseIsEqualDeep` for objects with support for
+     * partial deep comparisons.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to compare.
+     * @param {Object} other The other object to compare.
+     * @param {Function} equalFunc The function to determine equivalents of values.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize comparing values.
+     * @param {boolean} [isLoose] Specify performing partial comparisons.
+     * @param {Array} [stackA] Tracks traversed `value` objects.
+     * @param {Array} [stackB] Tracks traversed `other` objects.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the objects are equivalent, else `false`.
+     */
+    function equalObjects(object, other, equalFunc, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB) {
+      var objProps = keys(object),
+          objLength = objProps.length,
+          othProps = keys(other),
+          othLength = othProps.length;
+
+      if (objLength != othLength && !isLoose) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var index = objLength;
+      while (index--) {
+        var key = objProps[index];
+        if (!(isLoose ? key in other : hasOwnProperty.call(other, key))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      var skipCtor = isLoose;
+      while (++index < objLength) {
+        key = objProps[index];
+        var objValue = object[key],
+            othValue = other[key],
+            result = customizer ? customizer(isLoose ? othValue : objValue, isLoose? objValue : othValue, key) : undefined;
+
+        // Recursively compare objects (susceptible to call stack limits).
+        if (!(result === undefined ? equalFunc(objValue, othValue, customizer, isLoose, stackA, stackB) : result)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        skipCtor || (skipCtor = key == 'constructor');
+      }
+      if (!skipCtor) {
+        var objCtor = object.constructor,
+            othCtor = other.constructor;
+
+        // Non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal.
+        if (objCtor != othCtor &&
+            ('constructor' in object && 'constructor' in other) &&
+            !(typeof objCtor == 'function' && objCtor instanceof objCtor &&
+              typeof othCtor == 'function' && othCtor instanceof othCtor)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the appropriate "callback" function. If the `_.callback` method is
+     * customized this function returns the custom method, otherwise it returns
+     * the `baseCallback` function. If arguments are provided the chosen function
+     * is invoked with them and its result is returned.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the chosen function or its result.
+     */
+    function getCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
+      var result = lodash.callback || callback;
+      result = result === callback ? baseCallback : result;
+      return argCount ? result(func, thisArg, argCount) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets metadata for `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the metadata for `func`.
+     */
+    var getData = !metaMap ? noop : function(func) {
+      return metaMap.get(func);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of `func`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to query.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the function name.
+     */
+    function getFuncName(func) {
+      var result = (func.name + ''),
+          array = realNames[result],
+          length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        var data = array[length],
+            otherFunc = data.func;
+        if (otherFunc == null || otherFunc == func) {
+          return data.name;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the appropriate "indexOf" function. If the `_.indexOf` method is
+     * customized this function returns the custom method, otherwise it returns
+     * the `baseIndexOf` function. If arguments are provided the chosen function
+     * is invoked with them and its result is returned.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @returns {Function|number} Returns the chosen function or its result.
+     */
+    function getIndexOf(collection, target, fromIndex) {
+      var result = lodash.indexOf || indexOf;
+      result = result === indexOf ? baseIndexOf : result;
+      return collection ? result(collection, target, fromIndex) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "length" property value of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function is used to avoid a [JIT bug](https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=142792)
+     * that affects Safari on at least iOS 8.1-8.3 ARM64.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the "length" value.
+     */
+    var getLength = baseProperty('length');
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the propery names, values, and compare flags of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the match data of `object`.
+     */
+    function getMatchData(object) {
+      var result = pairs(object),
+          length = result.length;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        result[length][2] = isStrictComparable(result[length][1]);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the native function at `key` of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the method to get.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the function if it's native, else `undefined`.
+     */
+    function getNative(object, key) {
+      var value = object == null ? undefined : object[key];
+      return isNative(value) ? value : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the view, applying any `transforms` to the `start` and `end` positions.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} start The start of the view.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the view.
+     * @param {Array} transforms The transformations to apply to the view.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns an object containing the `start` and `end`
+     *  positions of the view.
+     */
+    function getView(start, end, transforms) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = transforms.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var data = transforms[index],
+            size = data.size;
+
+        switch (data.type) {
+          case 'drop':      start += size; break;
+          case 'dropRight': end -= size; break;
+          case 'take':      end = nativeMin(end, start + size); break;
+          case 'takeRight': start = nativeMax(start, end - size); break;
+        }
+      }
+      return { 'start': start, 'end': end };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes an array clone.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to clone.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the initialized clone.
+     */
+    function initCloneArray(array) {
+      var length = array.length,
+          result = new array.constructor(length);
+
+      // Add array properties assigned by `RegExp#exec`.
+      if (length && typeof array[0] == 'string' && hasOwnProperty.call(array, 'index')) {
+        result.index = array.index;
+        result.input = array.input;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes an object clone.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the initialized clone.
+     */
+    function initCloneObject(object) {
+      var Ctor = object.constructor;
+      if (!(typeof Ctor == 'function' && Ctor instanceof Ctor)) {
+        Ctor = Object;
+      }
+      return new Ctor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes an object clone based on its `toStringTag`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function only supports cloning values with tags of
+     * `Boolean`, `Date`, `Error`, `Number`, `RegExp`, or `String`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to clone.
+     * @param {string} tag The `toStringTag` of the object to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the initialized clone.
+     */
+    function initCloneByTag(object, tag, isDeep) {
+      var Ctor = object.constructor;
+      switch (tag) {
+        case arrayBufferTag:
+          return bufferClone(object);
+
+        case boolTag:
+        case dateTag:
+          return new Ctor(+object);
+
+        case float32Tag: case float64Tag:
+        case int8Tag: case int16Tag: case int32Tag:
+        case uint8Tag: case uint8ClampedTag: case uint16Tag: case uint32Tag:
+          var buffer = object.buffer;
+          return new Ctor(isDeep ? bufferClone(buffer) : buffer, object.byteOffset, object.length);
+
+        case numberTag:
+        case stringTag:
+          return new Ctor(object);
+
+        case regexpTag:
+          var result = new Ctor(object.source, reFlags.exec(object));
+          result.lastIndex = object.lastIndex;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the method at `path` on `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the method to invoke.
+     * @param {Array} args The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the result of the invoked method.
+     */
+    function invokePath(object, path, args) {
+      if (object != null && !isKey(path, object)) {
+        path = toPath(path);
+        object = path.length == 1 ? object : baseGet(object, baseSlice(path, 0, -1));
+        path = last(path);
+      }
+      var func = object == null ? object : object[path];
+      return func == null ? undefined : func.apply(object, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is array-like.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is array-like, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isArrayLike(value) {
+      return value != null && isLength(getLength(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a valid array-like index.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {number} [length=MAX_SAFE_INTEGER] The upper bounds of a valid index.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a valid index, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isIndex(value, length) {
+      value = (typeof value == 'number' || reIsUint.test(value)) ? +value : -1;
+      length = length == null ? MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : length;
+      return value > -1 && value % 1 == 0 && value < length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the provided arguments are from an iteratee call.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The potential iteratee value argument.
+     * @param {*} index The potential iteratee index or key argument.
+     * @param {*} object The potential iteratee object argument.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the arguments are from an iteratee call, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isIterateeCall(value, index, object) {
+      if (!isObject(object)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var type = typeof index;
+      if (type == 'number'
+          ? (isArrayLike(object) && isIndex(index, object.length))
+          : (type == 'string' && index in object)) {
+        var other = object[index];
+        return value === value ? (value === other) : (other !== other);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a property name and not a property path.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @param {Object} [object] The object to query keys on.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a property name, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isKey(value, object) {
+      var type = typeof value;
+      if ((type == 'string' && reIsPlainProp.test(value)) || type == 'number') {
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var result = !reIsDeepProp.test(value);
+      return result || (object != null && value in toObject(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `func` has a lazy counterpart.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `func` has a lazy counterpart, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isLaziable(func) {
+      var funcName = getFuncName(func),
+          other = lodash[funcName];
+
+      if (typeof other != 'function' || !(funcName in LazyWrapper.prototype)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (func === other) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      var data = getData(other);
+      return !!data && func === data[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a valid array-like length.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This function is based on [`ToLength`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-tolength).
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a valid length, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isLength(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' && value > -1 && value % 1 == 0 && value <= MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is suitable for strict equality comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` if suitable for strict
+     *  equality comparisons, else `false`.
+     */
+    function isStrictComparable(value) {
+      return value === value && !isObject(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges the function metadata of `source` into `data`.
+     *
+     * Merging metadata reduces the number of wrappers required to invoke a function.
+     * This is possible because methods like `_.bind`, `_.curry`, and `_.partial`
+     * may be applied regardless of execution order. Methods like `_.ary` and `_.rearg`
+     * augment function arguments, making the order in which they are executed important,
+     * preventing the merging of metadata. However, we make an exception for a safe
+     * common case where curried functions have `_.ary` and or `_.rearg` applied.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} data The destination metadata.
+     * @param {Array} source The source metadata.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `data`.
+     */
+    function mergeData(data, source) {
+      var bitmask = data[1],
+          srcBitmask = source[1],
+          newBitmask = bitmask | srcBitmask,
+          isCommon = newBitmask < ARY_FLAG;
+
+      var isCombo =
+        (srcBitmask == ARY_FLAG && bitmask == CURRY_FLAG) ||
+        (srcBitmask == ARY_FLAG && bitmask == REARG_FLAG && data[7].length <= source[8]) ||
+        (srcBitmask == (ARY_FLAG | REARG_FLAG) && bitmask == CURRY_FLAG);
+
+      // Exit early if metadata can't be merged.
+      if (!(isCommon || isCombo)) {
+        return data;
+      }
+      // Use source `thisArg` if available.
+      if (srcBitmask & BIND_FLAG) {
+        data[2] = source[2];
+        // Set when currying a bound function.
+        newBitmask |= (bitmask & BIND_FLAG) ? 0 : CURRY_BOUND_FLAG;
+      }
+      // Compose partial arguments.
+      var value = source[3];
+      if (value) {
+        var partials = data[3];
+        data[3] = partials ? composeArgs(partials, value, source[4]) : arrayCopy(value);
+        data[4] = partials ? replaceHolders(data[3], PLACEHOLDER) : arrayCopy(source[4]);
+      }
+      // Compose partial right arguments.
+      value = source[5];
+      if (value) {
+        partials = data[5];
+        data[5] = partials ? composeArgsRight(partials, value, source[6]) : arrayCopy(value);
+        data[6] = partials ? replaceHolders(data[5], PLACEHOLDER) : arrayCopy(source[6]);
+      }
+      // Use source `argPos` if available.
+      value = source[7];
+      if (value) {
+        data[7] = arrayCopy(value);
+      }
+      // Use source `ary` if it's smaller.
+      if (srcBitmask & ARY_FLAG) {
+        data[8] = data[8] == null ? source[8] : nativeMin(data[8], source[8]);
+      }
+      // Use source `arity` if one is not provided.
+      if (data[9] == null) {
+        data[9] = source[9];
+      }
+      // Use source `func` and merge bitmasks.
+      data[0] = source[0];
+      data[1] = newBitmask;
+
+      return data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `_.defaultsDeep` to customize its `_.merge` use.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} objectValue The destination object property value.
+     * @param {*} sourceValue The source object property value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign to the destination object.
+     */
+    function mergeDefaults(objectValue, sourceValue) {
+      return objectValue === undefined ? sourceValue : merge(objectValue, sourceValue, mergeDefaults);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.pick` which picks `object` properties specified
+     * by `props`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {string[]} props The property names to pick.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    function pickByArray(object, props) {
+      object = toObject(object);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props.length,
+          result = {};
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if (key in object) {
+          result[key] = object[key];
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A specialized version of `_.pick` which picks `object` properties `predicate`
+     * returns truthy for.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {Function} predicate The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     */
+    function pickByCallback(object, predicate) {
+      var result = {};
+      baseForIn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+        if (predicate(value, key, object)) {
+          result[key] = value;
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reorder `array` according to the specified indexes where the element at
+     * the first index is assigned as the first element, the element at
+     * the second index is assigned as the second element, and so on.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} array The array to reorder.
+     * @param {Array} indexes The arranged array indexes.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     */
+    function reorder(array, indexes) {
+      var arrLength = array.length,
+          length = nativeMin(indexes.length, arrLength),
+          oldArray = arrayCopy(array);
+
+      while (length--) {
+        var index = indexes[length];
+        array[length] = isIndex(index, arrLength) ? oldArray[index] : undefined;
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets metadata for `func`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If this function becomes hot, i.e. is invoked a lot in a short
+     * period of time, it will trip its breaker and transition to an identity function
+     * to avoid garbage collection pauses in V8. See [V8 issue 2070](https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2070)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Function} func The function to associate metadata with.
+     * @param {*} data The metadata.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns `func`.
+     */
+    var setData = (function() {
+      var count = 0,
+          lastCalled = 0;
+
+      return function(key, value) {
+        var stamp = now(),
+            remaining = HOT_SPAN - (stamp - lastCalled);
+
+        lastCalled = stamp;
+        if (remaining > 0) {
+          if (++count >= HOT_COUNT) {
+            return key;
+          }
+        } else {
+          count = 0;
+        }
+        return baseSetData(key, value);
+      };
+    }());
+
+    /**
+     * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` which creates an array of the
+     * own enumerable property names of `object`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     */
+    function shimKeys(object) {
+      var props = keysIn(object),
+          propsLength = props.length,
+          length = propsLength && object.length;
+
+      var allowIndexes = !!length && isLength(length) &&
+        (isArray(object) || isArguments(object));
+
+      var index = -1,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (++index < propsLength) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if ((allowIndexes && isIndex(key, length)) || hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)) {
+          result.push(key);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to an array-like object if it's not one.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {Array|Object} Returns the array-like object.
+     */
+    function toIterable(value) {
+      if (value == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (!isArrayLike(value)) {
+        return values(value);
+      }
+      return isObject(value) ? value : Object(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to an object if it's not one.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the object.
+     */
+    function toObject(value) {
+      return isObject(value) ? value : Object(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to property path array if it's not one.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {*} value The value to process.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the property path array.
+     */
+    function toPath(value) {
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        return value;
+      }
+      var result = [];
+      baseToString(value).replace(rePropName, function(match, number, quote, string) {
+        result.push(quote ? string.replace(reEscapeChar, '$1') : (number || match));
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `wrapper`.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} wrapper The wrapper to clone.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the cloned wrapper.
+     */
+    function wrapperClone(wrapper) {
+      return wrapper instanceof LazyWrapper
+        ? wrapper.clone()
+        : new LodashWrapper(wrapper.__wrapped__, wrapper.__chain__, arrayCopy(wrapper.__actions__));
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements split into groups the length of `size`.
+     * If `collection` can't be split evenly, the final chunk will be the remaining
+     * elements.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+     * @param {number} [size=1] The length of each chunk.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array containing chunks.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 2);
+     * // => [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
+     *
+     * _.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 3);
+     * // => [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d']]
+     */
+    function chunk(array, size, guard) {
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(array, size, guard) : size == null) {
+        size = 1;
+      } else {
+        size = nativeMax(nativeFloor(size) || 1, 1);
+      }
+      var index = 0,
+          length = array ? array.length : 0,
+          resIndex = -1,
+          result = Array(nativeCeil(length / size));
+
+      while (index < length) {
+        result[++resIndex] = baseSlice(array, index, (index += size));
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array with all falsey values removed. The values `false`, `null`,
+     * `0`, `""`, `undefined`, and `NaN` are falsey.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function compact(array) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = array ? array.length : 0,
+          resIndex = -1,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (value) {
+          result[++resIndex] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique `array` values not included in the other
+     * provided arrays using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {...Array} [values] The arrays of values to exclude.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.difference([1, 2, 3], [4, 2]);
+     * // => [1, 3]
+     */
+    var difference = restParam(function(array, values) {
+      return (isObjectLike(array) && isArrayLike(array))
+        ? baseDifference(array, baseFlatten(values, false, true))
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements dropped from the beginning.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to drop.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [3]
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => []
+     *
+     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function drop(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(array, n, guard) : n == null) {
+        n = 1;
+      }
+      return baseSlice(array, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements dropped from the end.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to drop.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [1]
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => []
+     *
+     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function dropRight(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(array, n, guard) : n == null) {
+        n = 1;
+      }
+      n = length - (+n || 0);
+      return baseSlice(array, 0, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` excluding elements dropped from the end.
+     * Elements are dropped until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is
+     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that match the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.dropRightWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return n > 1;
+     * });
+     * // => [1]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(users, { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function dropRightWhile(array, predicate, thisArg) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3), true, true)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` excluding elements dropped from the beginning.
+     * Elements are dropped until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is
+     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.dropWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return n < 3;
+     * });
+     * // => [3]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.dropWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false }), 'user');
+     * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.dropWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => ['pebbles']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.dropWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function dropWhile(array, predicate, thisArg) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3), true)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fills elements of `array` with `value` from `start` up to, but not
+     * including, `end`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to fill.
+     * @param {*} value The value to fill `array` with.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3];
+     *
+     * _.fill(array, 'a');
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => ['a', 'a', 'a']
+     *
+     * _.fill(Array(3), 2);
+     * // => [2, 2, 2]
+     *
+     * _.fill([4, 6, 8], '*', 1, 2);
+     * // => [4, '*', 8]
+     */
+    function fill(array, value, start, end) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (start && typeof start != 'number' && isIterateeCall(array, value, start)) {
+        start = 0;
+        end = length;
+      }
+      return baseFill(array, value, start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.find` except that it returns the index of the first
+     * element `predicate` returns truthy for instead of the element itself.
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.findIndex(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.user == 'barney';
+     * });
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.findIndex(users, { 'user': 'fred', 'active': false });
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.findIndex(users, 'active', false);
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.findIndex(users, 'active');
+     * // => 2
+     */
+    var findIndex = createFindIndex();
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.findIndex` except that it iterates over elements
+     * of `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.user == 'pebbles';
+     * });
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': true });
+     * // => 0
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, 'active', false);
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.findLastIndex(users, 'active');
+     * // => 0
+     */
+    var findLastIndex = createFindIndex(true);
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the first element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias head
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the first element of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * _.first([]);
+     * // => undefined
+     */
+    function first(array) {
+      return array ? array[0] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens a nested array. If `isDeep` is `true` the array is recursively
+     * flattened, otherwise it's only flattened a single level.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep flatten.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.flatten([1, [2, 3, [4]]]);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, [4]]
+     *
+     * // using `isDeep`
+     * _.flatten([1, [2, 3, [4]]], true);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
+     */
+    function flatten(array, isDeep, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(array, isDeep, guard)) {
+        isDeep = false;
+      }
+      return length ? baseFlatten(array, isDeep) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively flattens a nested array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to recursively flatten.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.flattenDeep([1, [2, 3, [4]]]);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
+     */
+    function flattenDeep(array) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      return length ? baseFlatten(array, true) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found in `array`
+     * using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons. If `fromIndex` is negative, it's used as the offset
+     * from the end of `array`. If `array` is sorted providing `true` for `fromIndex`
+     * performs a faster binary search.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @param {boolean|number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true`
+     *  to perform a binary search on a sorted array.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // using `fromIndex`
+     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * // performing a binary search
+     * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2], 2, true);
+     * // => 2
+     */
+    function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+      if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+        fromIndex = fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(length + fromIndex, 0) : fromIndex;
+      } else if (fromIndex) {
+        var index = binaryIndex(array, value);
+        if (index < length &&
+            (value === value ? (value === array[index]) : (array[index] !== array[index]))) {
+          return index;
+        }
+        return -1;
+      }
+      return baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex || 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all but the last element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    function initial(array) {
+      return dropRight(array, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique values that are included in all of the provided
+     * arrays using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of shared values.
+     * @example
+     * _.intersection([1, 2], [4, 2], [2, 1]);
+     * // => [2]
+     */
+    var intersection = restParam(function(arrays) {
+      var othLength = arrays.length,
+          othIndex = othLength,
+          caches = Array(length),
+          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+          isCommon = indexOf === baseIndexOf,
+          result = [];
+
+      while (othIndex--) {
+        var value = arrays[othIndex] = isArrayLike(value = arrays[othIndex]) ? value : [];
+        caches[othIndex] = (isCommon && value.length >= 120) ? createCache(othIndex && value) : null;
+      }
+      var array = arrays[0],
+          index = -1,
+          length = array ? array.length : 0,
+          seen = caches[0];
+
+      outer:
+      while (++index < length) {
+        value = array[index];
+        if ((seen ? cacheIndexOf(seen, value) : indexOf(result, value, 0)) < 0) {
+          var othIndex = othLength;
+          while (--othIndex) {
+            var cache = caches[othIndex];
+            if ((cache ? cacheIndexOf(cache, value) : indexOf(arrays[othIndex], value, 0)) < 0) {
+              continue outer;
+            }
+          }
+          if (seen) {
+            seen.push(value);
+          }
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the last element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the last element of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function last(array) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      return length ? array[length - 1] : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.indexOf` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `array` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+     * @param {boolean|number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from
+     *  or `true` to perform a binary search on a sorted array.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * // using `fromIndex`
+     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // performing a binary search
+     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 1, 2, 2], 2, true);
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+      var index = length;
+      if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+        index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(length + fromIndex, 0) : nativeMin(fromIndex || 0, length - 1)) + 1;
+      } else if (fromIndex) {
+        index = binaryIndex(array, value, true) - 1;
+        var other = array[index];
+        if (value === value ? (value === other) : (other !== other)) {
+          return index;
+        }
+        return -1;
+      }
+      if (value !== value) {
+        return indexOfNaN(array, index, true);
+      }
+      while (index--) {
+        if (array[index] === value) {
+          return index;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all provided values from `array` using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.without`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {...*} [values] The values to remove.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3];
+     *
+     * _.pull(array, 2, 3);
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 1]
+     */
+    function pull() {
+      var args = arguments,
+          array = args[0];
+
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return array;
+      }
+      var index = 0,
+          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+          length = args.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var fromIndex = 0,
+            value = args[index];
+
+        while ((fromIndex = indexOf(array, value, fromIndex)) > -1) {
+          splice.call(array, fromIndex, 1);
+        }
+      }
+      return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes elements from `array` corresponding to the given indexes and returns
+     * an array of the removed elements. Indexes may be specified as an array of
+     * indexes or as individual arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.at`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {...(number|number[])} [indexes] The indexes of elements to remove,
+     *  specified as individual indexes or arrays of indexes.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of removed elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [5, 10, 15, 20];
+     * var evens = _.pullAt(array, 1, 3);
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [5, 15]
+     *
+     * console.log(evens);
+     * // => [10, 20]
+     */
+    var pullAt = restParam(function(array, indexes) {
+      indexes = baseFlatten(indexes);
+
+      var result = baseAt(array, indexes);
+      basePullAt(array, indexes.sort(baseCompareAscending));
+      return result;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all elements from `array` that `predicate` returns truthy for
+     * and returns an array of the removed elements. The predicate is bound to
+     * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike `_.filter`, this method mutates `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of removed elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+     * var evens = _.remove(array, function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * });
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 3]
+     *
+     * console.log(evens);
+     * // => [2, 4]
+     */
+    function remove(array, predicate, thisArg) {
+      var result = [];
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          indexes = [],
+          length = array.length;
+
+      predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = array[index];
+        if (predicate(value, index, array)) {
+          result.push(value);
+          indexes.push(index);
+        }
+      }
+      basePullAt(array, indexes);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all but the first element of `array`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias tail
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     */
+    function rest(array) {
+      return drop(array, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` from `start` up to, but not including, `end`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is used instead of `Array#slice` to support node
+     * lists in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to slice.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start position.
+     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end position.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     */
+    function slice(array, start, end) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (end && typeof end != 'number' && isIterateeCall(array, start, end)) {
+        start = 0;
+        end = length;
+      }
+      return baseSlice(array, start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses a binary search to determine the lowest index at which `value` should
+     * be inserted into `array` in order to maintain its sort order. If an iteratee
+     * function is provided it's invoked for `value` and each element of `array`
+     * to compute their sort ranking. The iteratee is bound to `thisArg` and
+     * invoked with one argument; (value).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedIndex([30, 50], 40);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * _.sortedIndex([4, 4, 5, 5], 5);
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * var dict = { 'data': { 'thirty': 30, 'forty': 40, 'fifty': 50 } };
+     *
+     * // using an iteratee function
+     * _.sortedIndex(['thirty', 'fifty'], 'forty', function(word) {
+     *   return this.data[word];
+     * }, dict);
+     * // => 1
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
+     * // => 1
+     */
+    var sortedIndex = createSortedIndex();
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortedIndex` except that it returns the highest
+     * index at which `value` should be inserted into `array` in order to
+     * maintain its sort order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The sorted array to inspect.
+     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+     *  into `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortedLastIndex([4, 4, 5, 5], 5);
+     * // => 4
+     */
+    var sortedLastIndex = createSortedIndex(true);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements taken from the beginning.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to take.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [1]
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function take(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(array, n, guard) : n == null) {
+        n = 1;
+      }
+      return baseSlice(array, 0, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements taken from the end.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to take.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [3]
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function takeRight(array, n, guard) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(array, n, guard) : n == null) {
+        n = 1;
+      }
+      n = length - (+n || 0);
+      return baseSlice(array, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with elements taken from the end. Elements are
+     * taken until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is bound to `thisArg`
+     * and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.takeRightWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return n > 1;
+     * });
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(users, { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': false }), 'user');
+     * // => ['pebbles']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function takeRightWhile(array, predicate, thisArg) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3), false, true)
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a slice of `array` with elements taken from the beginning. Elements
+     * are taken until `predicate` returns falsey. The predicate is bound to
+     * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.takeWhile([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return n < 3;
+     * });
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'active': false},
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.takeWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false }), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.takeWhile(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.takeWhile(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function takeWhile(array, predicate, thisArg) {
+      return (array && array.length)
+        ? baseWhile(array, getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3))
+        : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique values, in order, from all of the provided arrays
+     * using [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of combined values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.union([1, 2], [4, 2], [2, 1]);
+     * // => [1, 2, 4]
+     */
+    var union = restParam(function(arrays) {
+      return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arrays, false, true));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a duplicate-free version of an array, using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons, in which only the first occurence of each element
+     * is kept. Providing `true` for `isSorted` performs a faster search algorithm
+     * for sorted arrays. If an iteratee function is provided it's invoked for
+     * each element in the array to generate the criterion by which uniqueness
+     * is computed. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, index, array).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias unique
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+     * @param {boolean} [isSorted] Specify the array is sorted.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate-value-free array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.uniq([2, 1, 2]);
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     *
+     * // using `isSorted`
+     * _.uniq([1, 1, 2], true);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * // using an iteratee function
+     * _.uniq([1, 2.5, 1.5, 2], function(n) {
+     *   return this.floor(n);
+     * }, Math);
+     * // => [1, 2.5]
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+     * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
+     */
+    function uniq(array, isSorted, iteratee, thisArg) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (isSorted != null && typeof isSorted != 'boolean') {
+        thisArg = iteratee;
+        iteratee = isIterateeCall(array, isSorted, thisArg) ? undefined : isSorted;
+        isSorted = false;
+      }
+      var callback = getCallback();
+      if (!(iteratee == null && callback === baseCallback)) {
+        iteratee = callback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+      }
+      return (isSorted && getIndexOf() === baseIndexOf)
+        ? sortedUniq(array, iteratee)
+        : baseUniq(array, iteratee);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.zip` except that it accepts an array of grouped
+     * elements and creates an array regrouping the elements to their pre-zip
+     * configuration.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array of grouped elements to process.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of regrouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var zipped = _.zip(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
+     * // => [['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]
+     *
+     * _.unzip(zipped);
+     * // => [['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]]
+     */
+    function unzip(array) {
+      if (!(array && array.length)) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          length = 0;
+
+      array = arrayFilter(array, function(group) {
+        if (isArrayLike(group)) {
+          length = nativeMax(group.length, length);
+          return true;
+        }
+      });
+      var result = Array(length);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = arrayMap(array, baseProperty(index));
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.unzip` except that it accepts an iteratee to specify
+     * how regrouped values should be combined. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg`
+     * and invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, index, group).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array of grouped elements to process.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The function to combine regrouped values.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of regrouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var zipped = _.zip([1, 2], [10, 20], [100, 200]);
+     * // => [[1, 10, 100], [2, 20, 200]]
+     *
+     * _.unzipWith(zipped, _.add);
+     * // => [3, 30, 300]
+     */
+    function unzipWith(array, iteratee, thisArg) {
+      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var result = unzip(array);
+      if (iteratee == null) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      iteratee = bindCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 4);
+      return arrayMap(result, function(group) {
+        return arrayReduce(group, iteratee, undefined, true);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array excluding all provided values using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
+     * @param {...*} [values] The values to exclude.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.without([1, 2, 1, 3], 1, 2);
+     * // => [3]
+     */
+    var without = restParam(function(array, values) {
+      return isArrayLike(array)
+        ? baseDifference(array, values)
+        : [];
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of unique values that is the [symmetric difference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_difference)
+     * of the provided arrays.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.xor([1, 2], [4, 2]);
+     * // => [1, 4]
+     */
+    function xor() {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = arguments.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var array = arguments[index];
+        if (isArrayLike(array)) {
+          var result = result
+            ? arrayPush(baseDifference(result, array), baseDifference(array, result))
+            : array;
+        }
+      }
+      return result ? baseUniq(result) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of grouped elements, the first of which contains the first
+     * elements of the given arrays, the second of which contains the second elements
+     * of the given arrays, and so on.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to process.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of grouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zip(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
+     * // => [['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]
+     */
+    var zip = restParam(unzip);
+
+    /**
+     * The inverse of `_.pairs`; this method returns an object composed from arrays
+     * of property names and values. Provide either a single two dimensional array,
+     * e.g. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]` or two arrays, one of property names
+     * and one of corresponding values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias object
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {Array} props The property names.
+     * @param {Array} [values=[]] The property values.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zipObject([['fred', 30], ['barney', 40]]);
+     * // => { 'fred': 30, 'barney': 40 }
+     *
+     * _.zipObject(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40]);
+     * // => { 'fred': 30, 'barney': 40 }
+     */
+    function zipObject(props, values) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = props ? props.length : 0,
+          result = {};
+
+      if (length && !values && !isArray(props[0])) {
+        values = [];
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if (values) {
+          result[key] = values[index];
+        } else if (key) {
+          result[key[0]] = key[1];
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.zip` except that it accepts an iteratee to specify
+     * how grouped values should be combined. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg`
+     * and invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, index, group).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Array
+     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to process.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee] The function to combine grouped values.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of grouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.zipWith([1, 2], [10, 20], [100, 200], _.add);
+     * // => [111, 222]
+     */
+    var zipWith = restParam(function(arrays) {
+      var length = arrays.length,
+          iteratee = length > 2 ? arrays[length - 2] : undefined,
+          thisArg = length > 1 ? arrays[length - 1] : undefined;
+
+      if (length > 2 && typeof iteratee == 'function') {
+        length -= 2;
+      } else {
+        iteratee = (length > 1 && typeof thisArg == 'function') ? (--length, thisArg) : undefined;
+        thisArg = undefined;
+      }
+      arrays.length = length;
+      return unzipWith(arrays, iteratee, thisArg);
+    });
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a `lodash` object that wraps `value` with explicit method
+     * chaining enabled.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * var youngest = _.chain(users)
+     *   .sortBy('age')
+     *   .map(function(chr) {
+     *     return chr.user + ' is ' + chr.age;
+     *   })
+     *   .first()
+     *   .value();
+     * // => 'pebbles is 1'
+     */
+    function chain(value) {
+      var result = lodash(value);
+      result.__chain__ = true;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method invokes `interceptor` and returns `value`. The interceptor is
+     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value). The purpose of
+     * this method is to "tap into" a method chain in order to perform operations
+     * on intermediate results within the chain.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @param {*} value The value to provide to `interceptor`.
+     * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `interceptor`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2, 3])
+     *  .tap(function(array) {
+     *    array.pop();
+     *  })
+     *  .reverse()
+     *  .value();
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     */
+    function tap(value, interceptor, thisArg) {
+      interceptor.call(thisArg, value);
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.tap` except that it returns the result of `interceptor`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @param {*} value The value to provide to `interceptor`.
+     * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `interceptor`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the result of `interceptor`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _('  abc  ')
+     *  .chain()
+     *  .trim()
+     *  .thru(function(value) {
+     *    return [value];
+     *  })
+     *  .value();
+     * // => ['abc']
+     */
+    function thru(value, interceptor, thisArg) {
+      return interceptor.call(thisArg, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables explicit method chaining on the wrapper object.
+     *
+     * @name chain
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // without explicit chaining
+     * _(users).first();
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     *
+     * // with explicit chaining
+     * _(users).chain()
+     *   .first()
+     *   .pick('user')
+     *   .value();
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney' }
+     */
+    function wrapperChain() {
+      return chain(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the chained sequence and returns the wrapped result.
+     *
+     * @name commit
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2];
+     * var wrapped = _(array).push(3);
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     *
+     * wrapped = wrapped.commit();
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * wrapped.last();
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function wrapperCommit() {
+      return new LodashWrapper(this.value(), this.__chain__);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new array joining a wrapped array with any additional arrays
+     * and/or values.
+     *
+     * @name concat
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @param {...*} [values] The values to concatenate.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new concatenated array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1];
+     * var wrapped = _(array).concat(2, [3], [[4]]);
+     *
+     * console.log(wrapped.value());
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, [4]]
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [1]
+     */
+    var wrapperConcat = restParam(function(values) {
+      values = baseFlatten(values);
+      return this.thru(function(array) {
+        return arrayConcat(isArray(array) ? array : [toObject(array)], values);
+      });
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of the chained sequence planting `value` as the wrapped value.
+     *
+     * @name plant
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2];
+     * var wrapped = _(array).map(function(value) {
+     *   return Math.pow(value, 2);
+     * });
+     *
+     * var other = [3, 4];
+     * var otherWrapped = wrapped.plant(other);
+     *
+     * otherWrapped.value();
+     * // => [9, 16]
+     *
+     * wrapped.value();
+     * // => [1, 4]
+     */
+    function wrapperPlant(value) {
+      var result,
+          parent = this;
+
+      while (parent instanceof baseLodash) {
+        var clone = wrapperClone(parent);
+        if (result) {
+          previous.__wrapped__ = clone;
+        } else {
+          result = clone;
+        }
+        var previous = clone;
+        parent = parent.__wrapped__;
+      }
+      previous.__wrapped__ = value;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverses the wrapped array so the first element becomes the last, the
+     * second element becomes the second to last, and so on.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates the wrapped array.
+     *
+     * @name reverse
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new reversed `lodash` wrapper instance.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [1, 2, 3];
+     *
+     * _(array).reverse().value()
+     * // => [3, 2, 1]
+     *
+     * console.log(array);
+     * // => [3, 2, 1]
+     */
+    function wrapperReverse() {
+      var value = this.__wrapped__;
+
+      var interceptor = function(value) {
+        return value.reverse();
+      };
+      if (value instanceof LazyWrapper) {
+        var wrapped = value;
+        if (this.__actions__.length) {
+          wrapped = new LazyWrapper(this);
+        }
+        wrapped = wrapped.reverse();
+        wrapped.__actions__.push({ 'func': thru, 'args': [interceptor], 'thisArg': undefined });
+        return new LodashWrapper(wrapped, this.__chain__);
+      }
+      return this.thru(interceptor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Produces the result of coercing the unwrapped value to a string.
+     *
+     * @name toString
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Chain
+     * @returns {string} Returns the coerced string value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2, 3]).toString();
+     * // => '1,2,3'
+     */
+    function wrapperToString() {
+      return (this.value() + '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the chained sequence to extract the unwrapped value.
+     *
+     * @name value
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias run, toJSON, valueOf
+     * @category Chain
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved unwrapped value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2, 3]).value();
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    function wrapperValue() {
+      return baseWrapperValue(this.__wrapped__, this.__actions__);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements corresponding to the given keys, or indexes,
+     * of `collection`. Keys may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
+     * of keys.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {...(number|number[]|string|string[])} [props] The property names
+     *  or indexes of elements to pick, specified individually or in arrays.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of picked elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.at(['a', 'b', 'c'], [0, 2]);
+     * // => ['a', 'c']
+     *
+     * _.at(['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles'], 0, 2);
+     * // => ['barney', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    var at = restParam(function(collection, props) {
+      return baseAt(collection, baseFlatten(props));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+     * each element of `collection` through `iteratee`. The corresponding value
+     * of each key is the number of times the key was returned by `iteratee`.
+     * The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
+     *   return Math.floor(n);
+     * });
+     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+     *
+     * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
+     *   return this.floor(n);
+     * }, Math);
+     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+     *
+     * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+     * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
+     */
+    var countBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? ++result[key] : (result[key] = 1);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `predicate` returns truthy for **all** elements of `collection`.
+     * The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias all
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.every(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.every(users, 'active', false);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.every(users, 'active');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function every(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayEvery : baseEvery;
+      if (thisArg && isIterateeCall(collection, predicate, thisArg)) {
+        predicate = undefined;
+      }
+      if (typeof predicate != 'function' || thisArg !== undefined) {
+        predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+      }
+      return func(collection, predicate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over elements of `collection`, returning an array of all elements
+     * `predicate` returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and
+     * invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias select
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.filter([4, 5, 6], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * });
+     * // => [4, 6]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.filter(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true }), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.filter(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => ['fred']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.filter(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     */
+    function filter(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayFilter : baseFilter;
+      predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+      return func(collection, predicate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over elements of `collection`, returning the first element
+     * `predicate` returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and
+     * invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias detect
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.result(_.find(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.age < 40;
+     * }), 'user');
+     * // => 'barney'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.result(_.find(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': true }), 'user');
+     * // => 'pebbles'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.result(_.find(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => 'fred'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.result(_.find(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => 'barney'
+     */
+    var find = createFind(baseEach);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.find` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.findLast([1, 2, 3, 4], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 1;
+     * });
+     * // => 3
+     */
+    var findLast = createFind(baseEachRight, true);
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a deep comparison between each element in `collection` and the
+     * source object, returning the first element that has equivalent property
+     * values.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, `Date` objects,
+     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by
+     * their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. For comparing a single
+     * own or inherited property value see `_.matchesProperty`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.result(_.findWhere(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true }), 'user');
+     * // => 'barney'
+     *
+     * _.result(_.findWhere(users, { 'age': 40, 'active': false }), 'user');
+     * // => 'fred'
+     */
+    function findWhere(collection, source) {
+      return find(collection, baseMatches(source));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over elements of `collection` invoking `iteratee` for each element.
+     * The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection). Iteratee functions may exit iteration early
+     * by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** As with other "Collections" methods, objects with a "length" property
+     * are iterated like arrays. To avoid this behavior `_.forIn` or `_.forOwn`
+     * may be used for object iteration.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias each
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2]).forEach(function(n) {
+     *   console.log(n);
+     * }).value();
+     * // => logs each value from left to right and returns the array
+     *
+     * _.forEach({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(n, key) {
+     *   console.log(n, key);
+     * });
+     * // => logs each value-key pair and returns the object (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var forEach = createForEach(arrayEach, baseEach);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.forEach` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias eachRight
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _([1, 2]).forEachRight(function(n) {
+     *   console.log(n);
+     * }).value();
+     * // => logs each value from right to left and returns the array
+     */
+    var forEachRight = createForEach(arrayEachRight, baseEachRight);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+     * each element of `collection` through `iteratee`. The corresponding value
+     * of each key is an array of the elements responsible for generating the key.
+     * The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
+     *   return Math.floor(n);
+     * });
+     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+     *
+     * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(n) {
+     *   return this.floor(n);
+     * }, Math);
+     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+     * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
+     */
+    var groupBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key)) {
+        result[key].push(value);
+      } else {
+        result[key] = [value];
+      }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `target` is in `collection` using
+     * [`SameValueZero`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-samevaluezero)
+     * for equality comparisons. If `fromIndex` is negative, it's used as the offset
+     * from the end of `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias contains, include
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {*} target The value to search for.
+     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.reduce`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if a matching element is found, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.includes([1, 2, 3], 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.includes([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.includes({ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, 'fred');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.includes('pebbles', 'eb');
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function includes(collection, target, fromIndex, guard) {
+      var length = collection ? getLength(collection) : 0;
+      if (!isLength(length)) {
+        collection = values(collection);
+        length = collection.length;
+      }
+      if (typeof fromIndex != 'number' || (guard && isIterateeCall(target, fromIndex, guard))) {
+        fromIndex = 0;
+      } else {
+        fromIndex = fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(length + fromIndex, 0) : (fromIndex || 0);
+      }
+      return (typeof collection == 'string' || !isArray(collection) && isString(collection))
+        ? (fromIndex <= length && collection.indexOf(target, fromIndex) > -1)
+        : (!!length && getIndexOf(collection, target, fromIndex) > -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+     * each element of `collection` through `iteratee`. The corresponding value
+     * of each key is the last element responsible for generating the key. The
+     * iteratee function is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var keyData = [
+     *   { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 },
+     *   { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.indexBy(keyData, 'dir');
+     * // => { 'left': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'right': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+     *
+     * _.indexBy(keyData, function(object) {
+     *   return String.fromCharCode(object.code);
+     * });
+     * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+     *
+     * _.indexBy(keyData, function(object) {
+     *   return this.fromCharCode(object.code);
+     * }, String);
+     * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+     */
+    var indexBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      result[key] = value;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the method at `path` of each element in `collection`, returning
+     * an array of the results of each invoked method. Any additional arguments
+     * are provided to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function it's
+     * invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Array|Function|string} path The path of the method to invoke or
+     *  the function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
+     * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
+     *
+     * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
+     * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
+     */
+    var invoke = restParam(function(collection, path, args) {
+      var index = -1,
+          isFunc = typeof path == 'function',
+          isProp = isKey(path),
+          result = isArrayLike(collection) ? Array(collection.length) : [];
+
+      baseEach(collection, function(value) {
+        var func = isFunc ? path : ((isProp && value != null) ? value[path] : undefined);
+        result[++index] = func ? func.apply(value, args) : invokePath(value, path, args);
+      });
+      return result;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of values by running each element in `collection` through
+     * `iteratee`. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * Many lodash methods are guarded to work as iteratees for methods like
+     * `_.every`, `_.filter`, `_.map`, `_.mapValues`, `_.reject`, and `_.some`.
+     *
+     * The guarded methods are:
+     * `ary`, `callback`, `chunk`, `clone`, `create`, `curry`, `curryRight`,
+     * `drop`, `dropRight`, `every`, `fill`, `flatten`, `invert`, `max`, `min`,
+     * `parseInt`, `slice`, `sortBy`, `take`, `takeRight`, `template`, `trim`,
+     * `trimLeft`, `trimRight`, `trunc`, `random`, `range`, `sample`, `some`,
+     * `sum`, `uniq`, and `words`
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias collect
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function timesThree(n) {
+     *   return n * 3;
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.map([1, 2], timesThree);
+     * // => [3, 6]
+     *
+     * _.map({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, timesThree);
+     * // => [3, 6] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney' },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.map(users, 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+     */
+    function map(collection, iteratee, thisArg) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayMap : baseMap;
+      iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+      return func(collection, iteratee);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements split into two groups, the first of which
+     * contains elements `predicate` returns truthy for, while the second of which
+     * contains elements `predicate` returns falsey for. The predicate is bound
+     * to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of grouped elements.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.partition([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2;
+     * });
+     * // => [[1, 3], [2]]
+     *
+     * _.partition([1.2, 2.3, 3.4], function(n) {
+     *   return this.floor(n) % 2;
+     * }, Math);
+     * // => [[1.2, 3.4], [2.3]]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * var mapper = function(array) {
+     *   return _.pluck(array, 'user');
+     * };
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.map(_.partition(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': false }), mapper);
+     * // => [['pebbles'], ['barney', 'fred']]
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.map(_.partition(users, 'active', false), mapper);
+     * // => [['barney', 'pebbles'], ['fred']]
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.map(_.partition(users, 'active'), mapper);
+     * // => [['fred'], ['barney', 'pebbles']]
+     */
+    var partition = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+      result[key ? 0 : 1].push(value);
+    }, function() { return [[], []]; });
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property value of `path` from all elements in `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to pluck.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the property values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.pluck(users, 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+     *
+     * var userIndex = _.indexBy(users, 'user');
+     * _.pluck(userIndex, 'age');
+     * // => [36, 40] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function pluck(collection, path) {
+      return map(collection, property(path));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reduces `collection` to a value which is the accumulated result of running
+     * each element in `collection` through `iteratee`, where each successive
+     * invocation is supplied the return value of the previous. If `accumulator`
+     * is not provided the first element of `collection` is used as the initial
+     * value. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with four arguments:
+     * (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * Many lodash methods are guarded to work as iteratees for methods like
+     * `_.reduce`, `_.reduceRight`, and `_.transform`.
+     *
+     * The guarded methods are:
+     * `assign`, `defaults`, `defaultsDeep`, `includes`, `merge`, `sortByAll`,
+     * and `sortByOrder`
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias foldl, inject
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.reduce([1, 2], function(total, n) {
+     *   return total + n;
+     * });
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(result, n, key) {
+     *   result[key] = n * 3;
+     *   return result;
+     * }, {});
+     * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6 } (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var reduce = createReduce(arrayReduce, baseEach);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.reduce` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * `collection` from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias foldr
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The initial value.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+     *
+     * _.reduceRight(array, function(flattened, other) {
+     *   return flattened.concat(other);
+     * }, []);
+     * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+     */
+    var reduceRight = createReduce(arrayReduceRight, baseEachRight);
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.filter`; this method returns the elements of `collection`
+     * that `predicate` does **not** return truthy for.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4], function(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * });
+     * // => [1, 3]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': false },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': true }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.reject(users, { 'age': 40, 'active': true }), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.reject(users, 'active', false), 'user');
+     * // => ['fred']
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.reject(users, 'active'), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     */
+    function reject(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arrayFilter : baseFilter;
+      predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+      return func(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        return !predicate(value, index, collection);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a random element or `n` random elements from a collection.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to sample.
+     * @param {number} [n] The number of elements to sample.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the random sample(s).
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4], 2);
+     * // => [3, 1]
+     */
+    function sample(collection, n, guard) {
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(collection, n, guard) : n == null) {
+        collection = toIterable(collection);
+        var length = collection.length;
+        return length > 0 ? collection[baseRandom(0, length - 1)] : undefined;
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          result = toArray(collection),
+          length = result.length,
+          lastIndex = length - 1;
+
+      n = nativeMin(n < 0 ? 0 : (+n || 0), length);
+      while (++index < n) {
+        var rand = baseRandom(index, lastIndex),
+            value = result[rand];
+
+        result[rand] = result[index];
+        result[index] = value;
+      }
+      result.length = n;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of shuffled values, using a version of the
+     * [Fisher-Yates shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to shuffle.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new shuffled array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+     * // => [4, 1, 3, 2]
+     */
+    function shuffle(collection) {
+      return sample(collection, POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the size of `collection` by returning its length for array-like
+     * values or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to inspect.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the size of `collection`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.size([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.size({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 });
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * _.size('pebbles');
+     * // => 7
+     */
+    function size(collection) {
+      var length = collection ? getLength(collection) : 0;
+      return isLength(length) ? length : keys(collection).length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `predicate` returns truthy for **any** element of `collection`.
+     * The function returns as soon as it finds a passing value and does not iterate
+     * over the entire collection. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+     * with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias any
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the predicate check,
+     *  else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.some(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.some(users, 'active', false);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.some(users, 'active');
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function some(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
+      var func = isArray(collection) ? arraySome : baseSome;
+      if (thisArg && isIterateeCall(collection, predicate, thisArg)) {
+        predicate = undefined;
+      }
+      if (typeof predicate != 'function' || thisArg !== undefined) {
+        predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+      }
+      return func(collection, predicate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
+     * running each element in a collection through `iteratee`. This method performs
+     * a stable sort, that is, it preserves the original sort order of equal elements.
+     * The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, index|key, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return Math.sin(n);
+     * });
+     * // => [3, 1, 2]
+     *
+     * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(n) {
+     *   return this.sin(n);
+     * }, Math);
+     * // => [3, 1, 2]
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'fred' },
+     *   { 'user': 'pebbles' },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney' }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.pluck(_.sortBy(users, 'user'), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney', 'fred', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function sortBy(collection, iteratee, thisArg) {
+      if (collection == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (thisArg && isIterateeCall(collection, iteratee, thisArg)) {
+        iteratee = undefined;
+      }
+      var index = -1;
+      iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+
+      var result = baseMap(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        return { 'criteria': iteratee(value, key, collection), 'index': ++index, 'value': value };
+      });
+      return baseSortBy(result, compareAscending);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortBy` except that it can sort by multiple iteratees
+     * or property names.
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for an iteratee the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for an iteratee the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[]|Object|Object[]|string|string[])} iteratees
+     *  The iteratees to sort by, specified as individual values or arrays of values.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 48 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 42 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 34 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.map(_.sortByAll(users, ['user', 'age']), _.values);
+     * // => [['barney', 34], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 42], ['fred', 48]]
+     *
+     * _.map(_.sortByAll(users, 'user', function(chr) {
+     *   return Math.floor(chr.age / 10);
+     * }), _.values);
+     * // => [['barney', 36], ['barney', 34], ['fred', 48], ['fred', 42]]
+     */
+    var sortByAll = restParam(function(collection, iteratees) {
+      if (collection == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var guard = iteratees[2];
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(iteratees[0], iteratees[1], guard)) {
+        iteratees.length = 1;
+      }
+      return baseSortByOrder(collection, baseFlatten(iteratees), []);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.sortByAll` except that it allows specifying the
+     * sort orders of the iteratees to sort by. If `orders` is unspecified, all
+     * values are sorted in ascending order. Otherwise, a value is sorted in
+     * ascending order if its corresponding order is "asc", and descending if "desc".
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for an iteratee the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for an iteratee the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function[]|Object[]|string[]} iteratees The iteratees to sort by.
+     * @param {boolean[]} [orders] The sort orders of `iteratees`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.reduce`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 48 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 34 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 42 },
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // sort by `user` in ascending order and by `age` in descending order
+     * _.map(_.sortByOrder(users, ['user', 'age'], ['asc', 'desc']), _.values);
+     * // => [['barney', 36], ['barney', 34], ['fred', 48], ['fred', 42]]
+     */
+    function sortByOrder(collection, iteratees, orders, guard) {
+      if (collection == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(iteratees, orders, guard)) {
+        orders = undefined;
+      }
+      if (!isArray(iteratees)) {
+        iteratees = iteratees == null ? [] : [iteratees];
+      }
+      if (!isArray(orders)) {
+        orders = orders == null ? [] : [orders];
+      }
+      return baseSortByOrder(collection, iteratees, orders);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a deep comparison between each element in `collection` and the
+     * source object, returning an array of all elements that have equivalent
+     * property values.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, `Date` objects,
+     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by
+     * their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. For comparing a single
+     * own or inherited property value see `_.matchesProperty`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Collection
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': false, 'pets': ['hoppy'] },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': true, 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.pluck(_.where(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': false }), 'user');
+     * // => ['barney']
+     *
+     * _.pluck(_.where(users, { 'pets': ['dino'] }), 'user');
+     * // => ['fred']
+     */
+    function where(collection, source) {
+      return filter(collection, baseMatches(source));
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch
+     * (1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Date
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defer(function(stamp) {
+     *   console.log(_.now() - stamp);
+     * }, _.now());
+     * // => logs the number of milliseconds it took for the deferred function to be invoked
+     */
+    var now = nativeNow || function() {
+      return new Date().getTime();
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.before`; this method creates a function that invokes
+     * `func` once it's called `n` or more times.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {number} n The number of calls before `func` is invoked.
+     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var saves = ['profile', 'settings'];
+     *
+     * var done = _.after(saves.length, function() {
+     *   console.log('done saving!');
+     * });
+     *
+     * _.forEach(saves, function(type) {
+     *   asyncSave({ 'type': type, 'complete': done });
+     * });
+     * // => logs 'done saving!' after the two async saves have completed
+     */
+    function after(n, func) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        if (typeof n == 'function') {
+          var temp = n;
+          n = func;
+          func = temp;
+        } else {
+          throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+        }
+      }
+      n = nativeIsFinite(n = +n) ? n : 0;
+      return function() {
+        if (--n < 1) {
+          return func.apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that accepts up to `n` arguments ignoring any
+     * additional arguments.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to cap arguments for.
+     * @param {number} [n=func.length] The arity cap.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.map(['6', '8', '10'], _.ary(parseInt, 1));
+     * // => [6, 8, 10]
+     */
+    function ary(func, n, guard) {
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(func, n, guard)) {
+        n = undefined;
+      }
+      n = (func && n == null) ? func.length : nativeMax(+n || 0, 0);
+      return createWrapper(func, ARY_FLAG, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func`, with the `this` binding and arguments
+     * of the created function, while it's called less than `n` times. Subsequent
+     * calls to the created function return the result of the last `func` invocation.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {number} n The number of calls at which `func` is no longer invoked.
+     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * jQuery('#add').on('click', _.before(5, addContactToList));
+     * // => allows adding up to 4 contacts to the list
+     */
+    function before(n, func) {
+      var result;
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        if (typeof n == 'function') {
+          var temp = n;
+          n = func;
+          func = temp;
+        } else {
+          throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+        }
+      }
+      return function() {
+        if (--n > 0) {
+          result = func.apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+        if (n <= 1) {
+          func = undefined;
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of `thisArg`
+     * and prepends any additional `_.bind` arguments to those provided to the
+     * bound function.
+     *
+     * The `_.bind.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic builds,
+     * may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Unlike native `Function#bind` this method does not set the "length"
+     * property of bound functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+     * @param {*} thisArg The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var greet = function(greeting, punctuation) {
+     *   return greeting + ' ' + this.user + punctuation;
+     * };
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     *
+     * var bound = _.bind(greet, object, 'hi');
+     * bound('!');
+     * // => 'hi fred!'
+     *
+     * // using placeholders
+     * var bound = _.bind(greet, object, _, '!');
+     * bound('hi');
+     * // => 'hi fred!'
+     */
+    var bind = restParam(function(func, thisArg, partials) {
+      var bitmask = BIND_FLAG;
+      if (partials.length) {
+        var holders = replaceHolders(partials, bind.placeholder);
+        bitmask |= PARTIAL_FLAG;
+      }
+      return createWrapper(func, bitmask, thisArg, partials, holders);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Binds methods of an object to the object itself, overwriting the existing
+     * method. Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
+     * of method names. If no method names are provided all enumerable function
+     * properties, own and inherited, of `object` are bound.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method does not set the "length" property of bound functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
+     * @param {...(string|string[])} [methodNames] The object method names to bind,
+     *  specified as individual method names or arrays of method names.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var view = {
+     *   'label': 'docs',
+     *   'onClick': function() {
+     *     console.log('clicked ' + this.label);
+     *   }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.bindAll(view);
+     * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
+     * // => logs 'clicked docs' when the element is clicked
+     */
+    var bindAll = restParam(function(object, methodNames) {
+      methodNames = methodNames.length ? baseFlatten(methodNames) : functions(object);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = methodNames.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = methodNames[index];
+        object[key] = createWrapper(object[key], BIND_FLAG, object);
+      }
+      return object;
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes the method at `object[key]` and prepends
+     * any additional `_.bindKey` arguments to those provided to the bound function.
+     *
+     * This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to reference
+     * methods that may be redefined or don't yet exist.
+     * See [Peter Michaux's article](http://peter.michaux.ca/articles/lazy-function-definition-pattern)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * The `_.bindKey.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
+     * @param {string} key The key of the method.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = {
+     *   'user': 'fred',
+     *   'greet': function(greeting, punctuation) {
+     *     return greeting + ' ' + this.user + punctuation;
+     *   }
+     * };
+     *
+     * var bound = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
+     * bound('!');
+     * // => 'hi fred!'
+     *
+     * object.greet = function(greeting, punctuation) {
+     *   return greeting + 'ya ' + this.user + punctuation;
+     * };
+     *
+     * bound('!');
+     * // => 'hiya fred!'
+     *
+     * // using placeholders
+     * var bound = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', _, '!');
+     * bound('hi');
+     * // => 'hiya fred!'
+     */
+    var bindKey = restParam(function(object, key, partials) {
+      var bitmask = BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG;
+      if (partials.length) {
+        var holders = replaceHolders(partials, bindKey.placeholder);
+        bitmask |= PARTIAL_FLAG;
+      }
+      return createWrapper(key, bitmask, object, partials, holders);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that accepts one or more arguments of `func` that when
+     * called either invokes `func` returning its result, if all `func` arguments
+     * have been provided, or returns a function that accepts one or more of the
+     * remaining `func` arguments, and so on. The arity of `func` may be specified
+     * if `func.length` is not sufficient.
+     *
+     * The `_.curry.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic builds,
+     * may be used as a placeholder for provided arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method does not set the "length" property of curried functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to curry.
+     * @param {number} [arity=func.length] The arity of `func`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new curried function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var abc = function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return [a, b, c];
+     * };
+     *
+     * var curried = _.curry(abc);
+     *
+     * curried(1)(2)(3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(1, 2)(3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(1, 2, 3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * // using placeholders
+     * curried(1)(_, 3)(2);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    var curry = createCurry(CURRY_FLAG);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.curry` except that arguments are applied to `func`
+     * in the manner of `_.partialRight` instead of `_.partial`.
+     *
+     * The `_.curryRight.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for provided arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method does not set the "length" property of curried functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to curry.
+     * @param {number} [arity=func.length] The arity of `func`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new curried function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var abc = function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return [a, b, c];
+     * };
+     *
+     * var curried = _.curryRight(abc);
+     *
+     * curried(3)(2)(1);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(2, 3)(1);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * curried(1, 2, 3);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * // using placeholders
+     * curried(3)(1, _)(2);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3]
+     */
+    var curryRight = createCurry(CURRY_RIGHT_FLAG);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a debounced function that delays invoking `func` until after `wait`
+     * milliseconds have elapsed since the last time the debounced function was
+     * invoked. The debounced function comes with a `cancel` method to cancel
+     * delayed invocations. Provide an options object to indicate that `func`
+     * should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout.
+     * Subsequent calls to the debounced function return the result of the last
+     * `func` invocation.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` is invoked
+     * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is
+     * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
+     *
+     * See [David Corbacho's article](http://drupalmotion.com/article/debounce-and-throttle-visual-explanation)
+     * for details over the differences between `_.debounce` and `_.throttle`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
+     * @param {number} [wait=0] The number of milliseconds to delay.
+     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.leading=false] Specify invoking on the leading
+     *  edge of the timeout.
+     * @param {number} [options.maxWait] The maximum time `func` is allowed to be
+     *  delayed before it's invoked.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify invoking on the trailing
+     *  edge of the timeout.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // avoid costly calculations while the window size is in flux
+     * jQuery(window).on('resize', _.debounce(calculateLayout, 150));
+     *
+     * // invoke `sendMail` when the click event is fired, debouncing subsequent calls
+     * jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 300, {
+     *   'leading': true,
+     *   'trailing': false
+     * }));
+     *
+     * // ensure `batchLog` is invoked once after 1 second of debounced calls
+     * var source = new EventSource('/stream');
+     * jQuery(source).on('message', _.debounce(batchLog, 250, {
+     *   'maxWait': 1000
+     * }));
+     *
+     * // cancel a debounced call
+     * var todoChanges = _.debounce(batchLog, 1000);
+     * Object.observe(models.todo, todoChanges);
+     *
+     * Object.observe(models, function(changes) {
+     *   if (_.find(changes, { 'user': 'todo', 'type': 'delete'})) {
+     *     todoChanges.cancel();
+     *   }
+     * }, ['delete']);
+     *
+     * // ...at some point `models.todo` is changed
+     * models.todo.completed = true;
+     *
+     * // ...before 1 second has passed `models.todo` is deleted
+     * // which cancels the debounced `todoChanges` call
+     * delete models.todo;
+     */
+    function debounce(func, wait, options) {
+      var args,
+          maxTimeoutId,
+          result,
+          stamp,
+          thisArg,
+          timeoutId,
+          trailingCall,
+          lastCalled = 0,
+          maxWait = false,
+          trailing = true;
+
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      wait = wait < 0 ? 0 : (+wait || 0);
+      if (options === true) {
+        var leading = true;
+        trailing = false;
+      } else if (isObject(options)) {
+        leading = !!options.leading;
+        maxWait = 'maxWait' in options && nativeMax(+options.maxWait || 0, wait);
+        trailing = 'trailing' in options ? !!options.trailing : trailing;
+      }
+
+      function cancel() {
+        if (timeoutId) {
+          clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        }
+        if (maxTimeoutId) {
+          clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
+        }
+        lastCalled = 0;
+        maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
+      }
+
+      function complete(isCalled, id) {
+        if (id) {
+          clearTimeout(id);
+        }
+        maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
+        if (isCalled) {
+          lastCalled = now();
+          result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+          if (!timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
+            args = thisArg = undefined;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      function delayed() {
+        var remaining = wait - (now() - stamp);
+        if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) {
+          complete(trailingCall, maxTimeoutId);
+        } else {
+          timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, remaining);
+        }
+      }
+
+      function maxDelayed() {
+        complete(trailing, timeoutId);
+      }
+
+      function debounced() {
+        args = arguments;
+        stamp = now();
+        thisArg = this;
+        trailingCall = trailing && (timeoutId || !leading);
+
+        if (maxWait === false) {
+          var leadingCall = leading && !timeoutId;
+        } else {
+          if (!maxTimeoutId && !leading) {
+            lastCalled = stamp;
+          }
+          var remaining = maxWait - (stamp - lastCalled),
+              isCalled = remaining <= 0 || remaining > maxWait;
+
+          if (isCalled) {
+            if (maxTimeoutId) {
+              maxTimeoutId = clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
+            }
+            lastCalled = stamp;
+            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+          }
+          else if (!maxTimeoutId) {
+            maxTimeoutId = setTimeout(maxDelayed, remaining);
+          }
+        }
+        if (isCalled && timeoutId) {
+          timeoutId = clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        }
+        else if (!timeoutId && wait !== maxWait) {
+          timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
+        }
+        if (leadingCall) {
+          isCalled = true;
+          result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+        }
+        if (isCalled && !timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
+          args = thisArg = undefined;
+        }
+        return result;
+      }
+      debounced.cancel = cancel;
+      return debounced;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Defers invoking the `func` until the current call stack has cleared. Any
+     * additional arguments are provided to `func` when it's invoked.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the function with.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defer(function(text) {
+     *   console.log(text);
+     * }, 'deferred');
+     * // logs 'deferred' after one or more milliseconds
+     */
+    var defer = restParam(function(func, args) {
+      return baseDelay(func, 1, args);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes `func` after `wait` milliseconds. Any additional arguments are
+     * provided to `func` when it's invoked.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay invocation.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the function with.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.delay(function(text) {
+     *   console.log(text);
+     * }, 1000, 'later');
+     * // => logs 'later' after one second
+     */
+    var delay = restParam(function(func, wait, args) {
+      return baseDelay(func, wait, args);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that returns the result of invoking the provided
+     * functions with the `this` binding of the created function, where each
+     * successive invocation is supplied the return value of the previous.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {...Function} [funcs] Functions to invoke.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var addSquare = _.flow(_.add, square);
+     * addSquare(1, 2);
+     * // => 9
+     */
+    var flow = createFlow();
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.flow` except that it creates a function that
+     * invokes the provided functions from right to left.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias backflow, compose
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {...Function} [funcs] Functions to invoke.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var addSquare = _.flowRight(square, _.add);
+     * addSquare(1, 2);
+     * // => 9
+     */
+    var flowRight = createFlow(true);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
+     * provided it determines the cache key for storing the result based on the
+     * arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the first argument
+     * provided to the memoized function is coerced to a string and used as the
+     * cache key. The `func` is invoked with the `this` binding of the memoized
+     * function.
+     *
+     * **Note:** The cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized
+     * function. Its creation may be customized by replacing the `_.memoize.Cache`
+     * constructor with one whose instances implement the [`Map`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-properties-of-the-map-prototype-object)
+     * method interface of `get`, `has`, and `set`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
+     * @param {Function} [resolver] The function to resolve the cache key.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var upperCase = _.memoize(function(string) {
+     *   return string.toUpperCase();
+     * });
+     *
+     * upperCase('fred');
+     * // => 'FRED'
+     *
+     * // modifying the result cache
+     * upperCase.cache.set('fred', 'BARNEY');
+     * upperCase('fred');
+     * // => 'BARNEY'
+     *
+     * // replacing `_.memoize.Cache`
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     * var other = { 'user': 'barney' };
+     * var identity = _.memoize(_.identity);
+     *
+     * identity(object);
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * identity(other);
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     *
+     * _.memoize.Cache = WeakMap;
+     * var identity = _.memoize(_.identity);
+     *
+     * identity(object);
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * identity(other);
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney' }
+     */
+    function memoize(func, resolver) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function' || (resolver && typeof resolver != 'function')) {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      var memoized = function() {
+        var args = arguments,
+            key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, args) : args[0],
+            cache = memoized.cache;
+
+        if (cache.has(key)) {
+          return cache.get(key);
+        }
+        var result = func.apply(this, args);
+        memoized.cache = cache.set(key, result);
+        return result;
+      };
+      memoized.cache = new memoize.Cache;
+      return memoized;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that runs each argument through a corresponding
+     * transform function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
+     * @param {...(Function|Function[])} [transforms] The functions to transform
+     * arguments, specified as individual functions or arrays of functions.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function doubled(n) {
+     *   return n * 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * function square(n) {
+     *   return n * n;
+     * }
+     *
+     * var modded = _.modArgs(function(x, y) {
+     *   return [x, y];
+     * }, square, doubled);
+     *
+     * modded(1, 2);
+     * // => [1, 4]
+     *
+     * modded(5, 10);
+     * // => [25, 20]
+     */
+    var modArgs = restParam(function(func, transforms) {
+      transforms = baseFlatten(transforms);
+      if (typeof func != 'function' || !arrayEvery(transforms, baseIsFunction)) {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      var length = transforms.length;
+      return restParam(function(args) {
+        var index = nativeMin(args.length, length);
+        while (index--) {
+          args[index] = transforms[index](args[index]);
+        }
+        return func.apply(this, args);
+      });
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that negates the result of the predicate `func`. The
+     * `func` predicate is invoked with the `this` binding and arguments of the
+     * created function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} predicate The predicate to negate.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function isEven(n) {
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], _.negate(isEven));
+     * // => [1, 3, 5]
+     */
+    function negate(predicate) {
+      if (typeof predicate != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      return function() {
+        return !predicate.apply(this, arguments);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that is restricted to invoking `func` once. Repeat calls
+     * to the function return the value of the first call. The `func` is invoked
+     * with the `this` binding and arguments of the created function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
+     * initialize();
+     * initialize();
+     * // `initialize` invokes `createApplication` once
+     */
+    function once(func) {
+      return before(2, func);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with `partial` arguments prepended
+     * to those provided to the new function. This method is like `_.bind` except
+     * it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
+     *
+     * The `_.partial.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method does not set the "length" property of partially
+     * applied functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var greet = function(greeting, name) {
+     *   return greeting + ' ' + name;
+     * };
+     *
+     * var sayHelloTo = _.partial(greet, 'hello');
+     * sayHelloTo('fred');
+     * // => 'hello fred'
+     *
+     * // using placeholders
+     * var greetFred = _.partial(greet, _, 'fred');
+     * greetFred('hi');
+     * // => 'hi fred'
+     */
+    var partial = createPartial(PARTIAL_FLAG);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.partial` except that partially applied arguments
+     * are appended to those provided to the new function.
+     *
+     * The `_.partialRight.placeholder` value, which defaults to `_` in monolithic
+     * builds, may be used as a placeholder for partially applied arguments.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method does not set the "length" property of partially
+     * applied functions.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+     * @param {...*} [partials] The arguments to be partially applied.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var greet = function(greeting, name) {
+     *   return greeting + ' ' + name;
+     * };
+     *
+     * var greetFred = _.partialRight(greet, 'fred');
+     * greetFred('hi');
+     * // => 'hi fred'
+     *
+     * // using placeholders
+     * var sayHelloTo = _.partialRight(greet, 'hello', _);
+     * sayHelloTo('fred');
+     * // => 'hello fred'
+     */
+    var partialRight = createPartial(PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with arguments arranged according
+     * to the specified indexes where the argument value at the first index is
+     * provided as the first argument, the argument value at the second index is
+     * provided as the second argument, and so on.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to rearrange arguments for.
+     * @param {...(number|number[])} indexes The arranged argument indexes,
+     *  specified as individual indexes or arrays of indexes.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var rearged = _.rearg(function(a, b, c) {
+     *   return [a, b, c];
+     * }, 2, 0, 1);
+     *
+     * rearged('b', 'c', 'a')
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c']
+     *
+     * var map = _.rearg(_.map, [1, 0]);
+     * map(function(n) {
+     *   return n * 3;
+     * }, [1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => [3, 6, 9]
+     */
+    var rearg = restParam(function(func, indexes) {
+      return createWrapper(func, REARG_FLAG, undefined, undefined, undefined, baseFlatten(indexes));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of the
+     * created function and arguments from `start` and beyond provided as an array.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on the [rest parameter](https://developer.mozilla.org/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/rest_parameters).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to apply a rest parameter to.
+     * @param {number} [start=func.length-1] The start position of the rest parameter.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var say = _.restParam(function(what, names) {
+     *   return what + ' ' + _.initial(names).join(', ') +
+     *     (_.size(names) > 1 ? ', & ' : '') + _.last(names);
+     * });
+     *
+     * say('hello', 'fred', 'barney', 'pebbles');
+     * // => 'hello fred, barney, & pebbles'
+     */
+    function restParam(func, start) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      start = nativeMax(start === undefined ? (func.length - 1) : (+start || 0), 0);
+      return function() {
+        var args = arguments,
+            index = -1,
+            length = nativeMax(args.length - start, 0),
+            rest = Array(length);
+
+        while (++index < length) {
+          rest[index] = args[start + index];
+        }
+        switch (start) {
+          case 0: return func.call(this, rest);
+          case 1: return func.call(this, args[0], rest);
+          case 2: return func.call(this, args[0], args[1], rest);
+        }
+        var otherArgs = Array(start + 1);
+        index = -1;
+        while (++index < start) {
+          otherArgs[index] = args[index];
+        }
+        otherArgs[start] = rest;
+        return func.apply(this, otherArgs);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of the created
+     * function and an array of arguments much like [`Function#apply`](https://es5.github.io/#x15.3.4.3).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on the [spread operator](https://developer.mozilla.org/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_operator).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to spread arguments over.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var say = _.spread(function(who, what) {
+     *   return who + ' says ' + what;
+     * });
+     *
+     * say(['fred', 'hello']);
+     * // => 'fred says hello'
+     *
+     * // with a Promise
+     * var numbers = Promise.all([
+     *   Promise.resolve(40),
+     *   Promise.resolve(36)
+     * ]);
+     *
+     * numbers.then(_.spread(function(x, y) {
+     *   return x + y;
+     * }));
+     * // => a Promise of 76
+     */
+    function spread(func) {
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      return function(array) {
+        return func.apply(this, array);
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a throttled function that only invokes `func` at most once per
+     * every `wait` milliseconds. The throttled function comes with a `cancel`
+     * method to cancel delayed invocations. Provide an options object to indicate
+     * that `func` should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge of the
+     * `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function return the
+     * result of the last `func` call.
+     *
+     * **Note:** If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` is invoked
+     * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is
+     * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
+     *
+     * See [David Corbacho's article](http://drupalmotion.com/article/debounce-and-throttle-visual-explanation)
+     * for details over the differences between `_.throttle` and `_.debounce`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
+     * @param {number} [wait=0] The number of milliseconds to throttle invocations to.
+     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.leading=true] Specify invoking on the leading
+     *  edge of the timeout.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify invoking on the trailing
+     *  edge of the timeout.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // avoid excessively updating the position while scrolling
+     * jQuery(window).on('scroll', _.throttle(updatePosition, 100));
+     *
+     * // invoke `renewToken` when the click event is fired, but not more than once every 5 minutes
+     * jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
+     *   'trailing': false
+     * }));
+     *
+     * // cancel a trailing throttled call
+     * jQuery(window).on('popstate', throttled.cancel);
+     */
+    function throttle(func, wait, options) {
+      var leading = true,
+          trailing = true;
+
+      if (typeof func != 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT);
+      }
+      if (options === false) {
+        leading = false;
+      } else if (isObject(options)) {
+        leading = 'leading' in options ? !!options.leading : leading;
+        trailing = 'trailing' in options ? !!options.trailing : trailing;
+      }
+      return debounce(func, wait, { 'leading': leading, 'maxWait': +wait, 'trailing': trailing });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that provides `value` to the wrapper function as its
+     * first argument. Any additional arguments provided to the function are
+     * appended to those provided to the wrapper function. The wrapper is invoked
+     * with the `this` binding of the created function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Function
+     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+     * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var p = _.wrap(_.escape, function(func, text) {
+     *   return '<p>' + func(text) + '</p>';
+     * });
+     *
+     * p('fred, barney, & pebbles');
+     * // => '<p>fred, barney, &amp; pebbles</p>'
+     */
+    function wrap(value, wrapper) {
+      wrapper = wrapper == null ? identity : wrapper;
+      return createWrapper(wrapper, PARTIAL_FLAG, undefined, [value], []);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone of `value`. If `isDeep` is `true` nested objects are cloned,
+     * otherwise they are assigned by reference. If `customizer` is provided it's
+     * invoked to produce the cloned values. If `customizer` returns `undefined`
+     * cloning is handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is bound to
+     * `thisArg` and invoked with up to three argument; (value [, index|key, object]).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is loosely based on the
+     * [structured clone algorithm](http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm).
+     * The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and objects created by
+     * constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects. An
+     * empty object is returned for uncloneable values such as functions, DOM nodes,
+     * Maps, Sets, and WeakMaps.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+     * @param {boolean} [isDeep] Specify a deep clone.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize cloning values.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `customizer`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney' },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * var shallow = _.clone(users);
+     * shallow[0] === users[0];
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * var deep = _.clone(users, true);
+     * deep[0] === users[0];
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // using a customizer callback
+     * var el = _.clone(document.body, function(value) {
+     *   if (_.isElement(value)) {
+     *     return value.cloneNode(false);
+     *   }
+     * });
+     *
+     * el === document.body
+     * // => false
+     * el.nodeName
+     * // => BODY
+     * el.childNodes.length;
+     * // => 0
+     */
+    function clone(value, isDeep, customizer, thisArg) {
+      if (isDeep && typeof isDeep != 'boolean' && isIterateeCall(value, isDeep, customizer)) {
+        isDeep = false;
+      }
+      else if (typeof isDeep == 'function') {
+        thisArg = customizer;
+        customizer = isDeep;
+        isDeep = false;
+      }
+      return typeof customizer == 'function'
+        ? baseClone(value, isDeep, bindCallback(customizer, thisArg, 3))
+        : baseClone(value, isDeep);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a deep clone of `value`. If `customizer` is provided it's invoked
+     * to produce the cloned values. If `customizer` returns `undefined` cloning
+     * is handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is bound to `thisArg`
+     * and invoked with up to three argument; (value [, index|key, object]).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is loosely based on the
+     * [structured clone algorithm](http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm).
+     * The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and objects created by
+     * constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects. An
+     * empty object is returned for uncloneable values such as functions, DOM nodes,
+     * Maps, Sets, and WeakMaps.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to deep clone.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize cloning values.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `customizer`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the deep cloned value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney' },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * var deep = _.cloneDeep(users);
+     * deep[0] === users[0];
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // using a customizer callback
+     * var el = _.cloneDeep(document.body, function(value) {
+     *   if (_.isElement(value)) {
+     *     return value.cloneNode(true);
+     *   }
+     * });
+     *
+     * el === document.body
+     * // => false
+     * el.nodeName
+     * // => BODY
+     * el.childNodes.length;
+     * // => 20
+     */
+    function cloneDeep(value, customizer, thisArg) {
+      return typeof customizer == 'function'
+        ? baseClone(value, true, bindCallback(customizer, thisArg, 3))
+        : baseClone(value, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is greater than `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is greater than `other`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.gt(3, 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.gt(3, 3);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.gt(1, 3);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function gt(value, other) {
+      return value > other;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is greater than or equal to `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is greater than or equal to `other`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.gte(3, 1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.gte(3, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.gte(1, 3);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function gte(value, other) {
+      return value >= other;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as an `arguments` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArguments(function() { return arguments; }());
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isArguments(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && isArrayLike(value) &&
+        hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') && !propertyIsEnumerable.call(value, 'callee');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as an `Array` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isArray(function() { return arguments; }());
+     * // => false
+     */
+    var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && isLength(value.length) && objToString.call(value) == arrayTag;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a boolean primitive or object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isBoolean(false);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isBoolean(null);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isBoolean(value) {
+      return value === true || value === false || (isObjectLike(value) && objToString.call(value) == boolTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Date` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isDate(new Date);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isDate('Mon April 23 2012');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isDate(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && objToString.call(value) == dateTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isElement(document.body);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isElement('<body>');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isElement(value) {
+      return !!value && value.nodeType === 1 && isObjectLike(value) && !isPlainObject(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is empty. A value is considered empty unless it's an
+     * `arguments` object, array, string, or jQuery-like collection with a length
+     * greater than `0` or an object with own enumerable properties.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} value The value to inspect.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is empty, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty(null);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty(true);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty(1);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isEmpty({ 'a': 1 });
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isEmpty(value) {
+      if (value == null) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (isArrayLike(value) && (isArray(value) || isString(value) || isArguments(value) ||
+          (isObjectLike(value) && isFunction(value.splice)))) {
+        return !value.length;
+      }
+      return !keys(value).length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
+     * equivalent. If `customizer` is provided it's invoked to compare values.
+     * If `customizer` returns `undefined` comparisons are handled by the method
+     * instead. The `customizer` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with up to
+     * three arguments: (value, other [, index|key]).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, `Date` objects,
+     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by
+     * their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. Functions and DOM nodes
+     * are **not** supported. Provide a customizer function to extend support
+     * for comparing other values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias eq
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize value comparisons.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `customizer`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     * var other = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     *
+     * object == other;
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isEqual(object, other);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * // using a customizer callback
+     * var array = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
+     * var other = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
+     *
+     * _.isEqual(array, other, function(value, other) {
+     *   if (_.every([value, other], RegExp.prototype.test, /^h(?:i|ello)$/)) {
+     *     return true;
+     *   }
+     * });
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function isEqual(value, other, customizer, thisArg) {
+      customizer = typeof customizer == 'function' ? bindCallback(customizer, thisArg, 3) : undefined;
+      var result = customizer ? customizer(value, other) : undefined;
+      return  result === undefined ? baseIsEqual(value, other, customizer) : !!result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is an `Error`, `EvalError`, `RangeError`, `ReferenceError`,
+     * `SyntaxError`, `TypeError`, or `URIError` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an error object, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isError(new Error);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isError(Error);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isError(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && typeof value.message == 'string' && objToString.call(value) == errorTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a finite primitive number.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is based on [`Number.isFinite`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-number.isfinite).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a finite number, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(10);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isFinite('10');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(true);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(Object(10));
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isFinite(Infinity);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isFinite(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' && nativeIsFinite(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Function` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isFunction(_);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isFunction(/abc/);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isFunction(value) {
+      // The use of `Object#toString` avoids issues with the `typeof` operator
+      // in older versions of Chrome and Safari which return 'function' for regexes
+      // and Safari 8 which returns 'object' for typed array constructors.
+      return isObject(value) && objToString.call(value) == funcTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is the [language type](https://es5.github.io/#x8) of `Object`.
+     * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an object, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isObject({});
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isObject(1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isObject(value) {
+      // Avoid a V8 JIT bug in Chrome 19-20.
+      // See https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291 for more details.
+      var type = typeof value;
+      return !!value && (type == 'object' || type == 'function');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a deep comparison between `object` and `source` to determine if
+     * `object` contains equivalent property values. If `customizer` is provided
+     * it's invoked to compare values. If `customizer` returns `undefined`
+     * comparisons are handled by the method instead. The `customizer` is bound
+     * to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, other, index|key).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing properties of arrays, booleans,
+     * `Date` objects, numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Functions
+     * and DOM nodes are **not** supported. Provide a customizer function to extend
+     * support for comparing other values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize value comparisons.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `customizer`.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `object` is a match, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
+     *
+     * _.isMatch(object, { 'age': 40 });
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isMatch(object, { 'age': 36 });
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * // using a customizer callback
+     * var object = { 'greeting': 'hello' };
+     * var source = { 'greeting': 'hi' };
+     *
+     * _.isMatch(object, source, function(value, other) {
+     *   return _.every([value, other], RegExp.prototype.test, /^h(?:i|ello)$/) || undefined;
+     * });
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function isMatch(object, source, customizer, thisArg) {
+      customizer = typeof customizer == 'function' ? bindCallback(customizer, thisArg, 3) : undefined;
+      return baseIsMatch(object, getMatchData(source), customizer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method is not the same as [`isNaN`](https://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.4)
+     * which returns `true` for `undefined` and other non-numeric values.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNaN(NaN);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * isNaN(undefined);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNaN(undefined);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNaN(value) {
+      // An `NaN` primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself.
+      // Perform the `toStringTag` check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE.
+      return isNumber(value) && value != +value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a native function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a native function, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNative(Array.prototype.push);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNative(_);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNative(value) {
+      if (value == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (isFunction(value)) {
+        return reIsNative.test(fnToString.call(value));
+      }
+      return isObjectLike(value) && reIsHostCtor.test(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `null`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `null`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNull(null);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNull(void 0);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNull(value) {
+      return value === null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `Number` primitive or object.
+     *
+     * **Note:** To exclude `Infinity`, `-Infinity`, and `NaN`, which are classified
+     * as numbers, use the `_.isFinite` method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isNumber(8.4);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNumber(NaN);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isNumber('8.4');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isNumber(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'number' || (isObjectLike(value) && objToString.call(value) == numberTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is a plain object, that is, an object created by the
+     * `Object` constructor or one with a `[[Prototype]]` of `null`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method assumes objects created by the `Object` constructor
+     * have no inherited enumerable properties.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject(new Foo);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject({ 'x': 0, 'y': 0 });
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isPlainObject(Object.create(null));
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function isPlainObject(value) {
+      var Ctor;
+
+      // Exit early for non `Object` objects.
+      if (!(isObjectLike(value) && objToString.call(value) == objectTag && !isArguments(value)) ||
+          (!hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'constructor') && (Ctor = value.constructor, typeof Ctor == 'function' && !(Ctor instanceof Ctor)))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      // IE < 9 iterates inherited properties before own properties. If the first
+      // iterated property is an object's own property then there are no inherited
+      // enumerable properties.
+      var result;
+      // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
+      // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
+      // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
+      baseForIn(value, function(subValue, key) {
+        result = key;
+      });
+      return result === undefined || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `RegExp` object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isRegExp(/abc/);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isRegExp('/abc/');
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isRegExp(value) {
+      return isObject(value) && objToString.call(value) == regexpTag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a `String` primitive or object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isString('abc');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isString(1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isString(value) {
+      return typeof value == 'string' || (isObjectLike(value) && objToString.call(value) == stringTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is classified as a typed array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is correctly classified, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isTypedArray(new Uint8Array);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isTypedArray([]);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isTypedArray(value) {
+      return isObjectLike(value) && isLength(value.length) && !!typedArrayTags[objToString.call(value)];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.isUndefined(void 0);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.isUndefined(null);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function isUndefined(value) {
+      return value === undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is less than `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is less than `other`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lt(1, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.lt(3, 3);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.lt(3, 1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function lt(value, other) {
+      return value < other;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `value` is less than or equal to `other`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to compare.
+     * @param {*} other The other value to compare.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is less than or equal to `other`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.lte(1, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.lte(3, 3);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.lte(3, 1);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function lte(value, other) {
+      return value <= other;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to an array.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the converted array.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * (function() {
+     *   return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1);
+     * }(1, 2, 3));
+     * // => [2, 3]
+     */
+    function toArray(value) {
+      var length = value ? getLength(value) : 0;
+      if (!isLength(length)) {
+        return values(value);
+      }
+      if (!length) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      return arrayCopy(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `value` to a plain object flattening inherited enumerable
+     * properties of `value` to own properties of the plain object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Lang
+     * @param {*} value The value to convert.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the converted plain object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.assign({ 'a': 1 }, new Foo);
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }
+     *
+     * _.assign({ 'a': 1 }, _.toPlainObject(new Foo));
+     * // => { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }
+     */
+    function toPlainObject(value) {
+      return baseCopy(value, keysIn(value));
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively merges own enumerable properties of the source object(s), that
+     * don't resolve to `undefined` into the destination object. Subsequent sources
+     * overwrite property assignments of previous sources. If `customizer` is
+     * provided it's invoked to produce the merged values of the destination and
+     * source properties. If `customizer` returns `undefined` merging is handled
+     * by the method instead. The `customizer` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+     * with five arguments: (objectValue, sourceValue, key, object, source).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `customizer`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'data': [{ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'user': 'fred' }]
+     * };
+     *
+     * var ages = {
+     *   'data': [{ 'age': 36 }, { 'age': 40 }]
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.merge(users, ages);
+     * // => { 'data': [{ 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }, { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }] }
+     *
+     * // using a customizer callback
+     * var object = {
+     *   'fruits': ['apple'],
+     *   'vegetables': ['beet']
+     * };
+     *
+     * var other = {
+     *   'fruits': ['banana'],
+     *   'vegetables': ['carrot']
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.merge(object, other, function(a, b) {
+     *   if (_.isArray(a)) {
+     *     return a.concat(b);
+     *   }
+     * });
+     * // => { 'fruits': ['apple', 'banana'], 'vegetables': ['beet', 'carrot'] }
+     */
+    var merge = createAssigner(baseMerge);
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
+     * object. Subsequent sources overwrite property assignments of previous sources.
+     * If `customizer` is provided it's invoked to produce the assigned values.
+     * The `customizer` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with five arguments:
+     * (objectValue, sourceValue, key, object, source).
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object` and is based on
+     * [`Object.assign`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-object.assign).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias extend
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @param {Function} [customizer] The function to customize assigned values.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `customizer`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.assign({ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'age': 40 }, { 'user': 'fred' });
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+     *
+     * // using a customizer callback
+     * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(value, other) {
+     *   return _.isUndefined(value) ? other : value;
+     * });
+     *
+     * defaults({ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'age': 36 }, { 'user': 'fred' });
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     */
+    var assign = createAssigner(function(object, source, customizer) {
+      return customizer
+        ? assignWith(object, source, customizer)
+        : baseAssign(object, source);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object that inherits from the given `prototype` object. If a
+     * `properties` object is provided its own enumerable properties are assigned
+     * to the created object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
+     * @param {Object} [properties] The properties to assign to the object.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Shape() {
+     *   this.x = 0;
+     *   this.y = 0;
+     * }
+     *
+     * function Circle() {
+     *   Shape.call(this);
+     * }
+     *
+     * Circle.prototype = _.create(Shape.prototype, {
+     *   'constructor': Circle
+     * });
+     *
+     * var circle = new Circle;
+     * circle instanceof Circle;
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * circle instanceof Shape;
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function create(prototype, properties, guard) {
+      var result = baseCreate(prototype);
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(prototype, properties, guard)) {
+        properties = undefined;
+      }
+      return properties ? baseAssign(result, properties) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
+     * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
+     * property is set, additional values of the same property are ignored.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defaults({ 'user': 'barney' }, { 'age': 36 }, { 'user': 'fred' });
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     */
+    var defaults = createDefaults(assign, assignDefaults);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.defaults` except that it recursively assigns
+     * default properties.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method mutates `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.defaultsDeep({ 'user': { 'name': 'barney' } }, { 'user': { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 36 } });
+     * // => { 'user': { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 } }
+     *
+     */
+    var defaultsDeep = createDefaults(merge, mergeDefaults);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.find` except that it returns the key of the first
+     * element `predicate` returns truthy for instead of the element itself.
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to search.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {string|undefined} Returns the key of the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'barney':  { 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   'fred':    { 'age': 40, 'active': false },
+     *   'pebbles': { 'age': 1,  'active': true }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.findKey(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.age < 40;
+     * });
+     * // => 'barney' (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.findKey(users, { 'age': 1, 'active': true });
+     * // => 'pebbles'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.findKey(users, 'active', false);
+     * // => 'fred'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.findKey(users, 'active');
+     * // => 'barney'
+     */
+    var findKey = createFindKey(baseForOwn);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.findKey` except that it iterates over elements of
+     * a collection in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to search.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {string|undefined} Returns the key of the matched element, else `undefined`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'barney':  { 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   'fred':    { 'age': 40, 'active': false },
+     *   'pebbles': { 'age': 1,  'active': true }
+     * };
+     *
+     * _.findLastKey(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.age < 40;
+     * });
+     * // => returns `pebbles` assuming `_.findKey` returns `barney`
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matches` callback shorthand
+     * _.findLastKey(users, { 'age': 36, 'active': true });
+     * // => 'barney'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.matchesProperty` callback shorthand
+     * _.findLastKey(users, 'active', false);
+     * // => 'fred'
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.findLastKey(users, 'active');
+     * // => 'pebbles'
+     */
+    var findLastKey = createFindKey(baseForOwnRight);
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over own and inherited enumerable properties of an object invoking
+     * `iteratee` for each property. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+     * with three arguments: (value, key, object). Iteratee functions may exit
+     * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forIn(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => logs 'a', 'b', and 'c' (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var forIn = createForIn(baseFor);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.forIn` except that it iterates over properties of
+     * `object` in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forInRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => logs 'c', 'b', and 'a' assuming `_.forIn ` logs 'a', 'b', and 'c'
+     */
+    var forInRight = createForIn(baseForRight);
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates over own enumerable properties of an object invoking `iteratee`
+     * for each property. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+     * three arguments: (value, key, object). Iteratee functions may exit iteration
+     * early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forOwn(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => logs 'a' and 'b' (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var forOwn = createForOwn(baseForOwn);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.forOwn` except that it iterates over properties of
+     * `object` in the opposite order.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.forOwnRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
+     *   console.log(key);
+     * });
+     * // => logs 'b' and 'a' assuming `_.forOwn` logs 'a' and 'b'
+     */
+    var forOwnRight = createForOwn(baseForOwnRight);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of function property names from all enumerable properties,
+     * own and inherited, of `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias methods
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of property names.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.functions(_);
+     * // => ['after', 'ary', 'assign', ...]
+     */
+    function functions(object) {
+      return baseFunctions(object, keysIn(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property value at `path` of `object`. If the resolved value is
+     * `undefined` the `defaultValue` is used in its place.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} [defaultValue] The value returned if the resolved value is `undefined`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }] };
+     *
+     * _.get(object, 'a[0].b.c');
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.get(object, ['a', '0', 'b', 'c']);
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.get(object, 'a.b.c', 'default');
+     * // => 'default'
+     */
+    function get(object, path, defaultValue) {
+      var result = object == null ? undefined : baseGet(object, toPath(path), (path + ''));
+      return result === undefined ? defaultValue : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `path` is a direct property.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `path` is a direct property, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': 3 } } };
+     *
+     * _.has(object, 'a');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.has(object, 'a.b.c');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.has(object, ['a', 'b', 'c']);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function has(object, path) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var result = hasOwnProperty.call(object, path);
+      if (!result && !isKey(path)) {
+        path = toPath(path);
+        object = path.length == 1 ? object : baseGet(object, baseSlice(path, 0, -1));
+        if (object == null) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        path = last(path);
+        result = hasOwnProperty.call(object, path);
+      }
+      return result || (isLength(object.length) && isIndex(path, object.length) &&
+        (isArray(object) || isArguments(object)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of `object`.
+     * If `object` contains duplicate values, subsequent values overwrite property
+     * assignments of previous values unless `multiValue` is `true`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
+     * @param {boolean} [multiValue] Allow multiple values per key.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new inverted object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1 };
+     *
+     * _.invert(object);
+     * // => { '1': 'c', '2': 'b' }
+     *
+     * // with `multiValue`
+     * _.invert(object, true);
+     * // => { '1': ['a', 'c'], '2': ['b'] }
+     */
+    function invert(object, multiValue, guard) {
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(object, multiValue, guard)) {
+        multiValue = undefined;
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          props = keys(object),
+          length = props.length,
+          result = {};
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index],
+            value = object[key];
+
+        if (multiValue) {
+          if (hasOwnProperty.call(result, value)) {
+            result[value].push(key);
+          } else {
+            result[value] = [key];
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+          result[value] = key;
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects. See the
+     * [ES spec](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-object.keys)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.keys(new Foo);
+     * // => ['a', 'b'] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * _.keys('hi');
+     * // => ['0', '1']
+     */
+    var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
+      var Ctor = object == null ? undefined : object.constructor;
+      if ((typeof Ctor == 'function' && Ctor.prototype === object) ||
+          (typeof object != 'function' && isArrayLike(object))) {
+        return shimKeys(object);
+      }
+      return isObject(object) ? nativeKeys(object) : [];
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property names of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.keysIn(new Foo);
+     * // => ['a', 'b', 'c'] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function keysIn(object) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      if (!isObject(object)) {
+        object = Object(object);
+      }
+      var length = object.length;
+      length = (length && isLength(length) &&
+        (isArray(object) || isArguments(object)) && length) || 0;
+
+      var Ctor = object.constructor,
+          index = -1,
+          isProto = typeof Ctor == 'function' && Ctor.prototype === object,
+          result = Array(length),
+          skipIndexes = length > 0;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = (index + '');
+      }
+      for (var key in object) {
+        if (!(skipIndexes && isIndex(key, length)) &&
+            !(key == 'constructor' && (isProto || !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)))) {
+          result.push(key);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.mapValues`; this method creates an object with the
+     * same values as `object` and keys generated by running each own enumerable
+     * property of `object` through `iteratee`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new mapped object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.mapKeys({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(value, key) {
+     *   return key + value;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'a1': 1, 'b2': 2 }
+     */
+    var mapKeys = createObjectMapper(true);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object with the same keys as `object` and values generated by
+     * running each own enumerable property of `object` through `iteratee`. The
+     * iteratee function is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments:
+     * (value, key, object).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked
+     *  per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new mapped object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.mapValues({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(n) {
+     *   return n * 3;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6 }
+     *
+     * var users = {
+     *   'fred':    { 'user': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
+     *   'pebbles': { 'user': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
+     * };
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.mapValues(users, 'age');
+     * // => { 'fred': 40, 'pebbles': 1 } (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    var mapValues = createObjectMapper();
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.pick`; this method creates an object composed of the
+     * own and inherited enumerable properties of `object` that are not omitted.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {Function|...(string|string[])} [predicate] The function invoked per
+     *  iteration or property names to omit, specified as individual property
+     *  names or arrays of property names.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
+     *
+     * _.omit(object, 'age');
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     *
+     * _.omit(object, _.isNumber);
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     */
+    var omit = restParam(function(object, props) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return {};
+      }
+      if (typeof props[0] != 'function') {
+        var props = arrayMap(baseFlatten(props), String);
+        return pickByArray(object, baseDifference(keysIn(object), props));
+      }
+      var predicate = bindCallback(props[0], props[1], 3);
+      return pickByCallback(object, function(value, key, object) {
+        return !predicate(value, key, object);
+      });
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a two dimensional array of the key-value pairs for `object`,
+     * e.g. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of key-value pairs.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.pairs({ 'barney': 36, 'fred': 40 });
+     * // => [['barney', 36], ['fred', 40]] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function pairs(object) {
+      object = toObject(object);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          props = keys(object),
+          length = props.length,
+          result = Array(length);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        result[index] = [key, object[key]];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an object composed of the picked `object` properties. Property
+     * names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property
+     * names. If `predicate` is provided it's invoked for each property of `object`
+     * picking the properties `predicate` returns truthy for. The predicate is
+     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments: (value, key, object).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The source object.
+     * @param {Function|...(string|string[])} [predicate] The function invoked per
+     *  iteration or property names to pick, specified as individual property
+     *  names or arrays of property names.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
+     *
+     * _.pick(object, 'user');
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     *
+     * _.pick(object, _.isString);
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     */
+    var pick = restParam(function(object, props) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return {};
+      }
+      return typeof props[0] == 'function'
+        ? pickByCallback(object, bindCallback(props[0], props[1], 3))
+        : pickByArray(object, baseFlatten(props));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * This method is like `_.get` except that if the resolved value is a function
+     * it's invoked with the `this` binding of its parent object and its result
+     * is returned.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to resolve.
+     * @param {*} [defaultValue] The value returned if the resolved value is `undefined`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c1': 3, 'c2': _.constant(4) } }] };
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a[0].b.c1');
+     * // => 3
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a[0].b.c2');
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a.b.c', 'default');
+     * // => 'default'
+     *
+     * _.result(object, 'a.b.c', _.constant('default'));
+     * // => 'default'
+     */
+    function result(object, path, defaultValue) {
+      var result = object == null ? undefined : object[path];
+      if (result === undefined) {
+        if (object != null && !isKey(path, object)) {
+          path = toPath(path);
+          object = path.length == 1 ? object : baseGet(object, baseSlice(path, 0, -1));
+          result = object == null ? undefined : object[last(path)];
+        }
+        result = result === undefined ? defaultValue : result;
+      }
+      return isFunction(result) ? result.call(object) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the property value of `path` on `object`. If a portion of `path`
+     * does not exist it's created.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to augment.
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to set.
+     * @param {*} value The value to set.
+     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'a': [{ 'b': { 'c': 3 } }] };
+     *
+     * _.set(object, 'a[0].b.c', 4);
+     * console.log(object.a[0].b.c);
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.set(object, 'x[0].y.z', 5);
+     * console.log(object.x[0].y.z);
+     * // => 5
+     */
+    function set(object, path, value) {
+      if (object == null) {
+        return object;
+      }
+      var pathKey = (path + '');
+      path = (object[pathKey] != null || isKey(path, object)) ? [pathKey] : toPath(path);
+
+      var index = -1,
+          length = path.length,
+          lastIndex = length - 1,
+          nested = object;
+
+      while (nested != null && ++index < length) {
+        var key = path[index];
+        if (isObject(nested)) {
+          if (index == lastIndex) {
+            nested[key] = value;
+          } else if (nested[key] == null) {
+            nested[key] = isIndex(path[index + 1]) ? [] : {};
+          }
+        }
+        nested = nested[key];
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An alternative to `_.reduce`; this method transforms `object` to a new
+     * `accumulator` object which is the result of running each of its own enumerable
+     * properties through `iteratee`, with each invocation potentially mutating
+     * the `accumulator` object. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+     * with four arguments: (accumulator, value, key, object). Iteratee functions
+     * may exit iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Array|Object} object The object to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [accumulator] The custom accumulator value.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.transform([2, 3, 4], function(result, n) {
+     *   result.push(n *= n);
+     *   return n % 2 == 0;
+     * });
+     * // => [4, 9]
+     *
+     * _.transform({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2 }, function(result, n, key) {
+     *   result[key] = n * 3;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6 }
+     */
+    function transform(object, iteratee, accumulator, thisArg) {
+      var isArr = isArray(object) || isTypedArray(object);
+      iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 4);
+
+      if (accumulator == null) {
+        if (isArr || isObject(object)) {
+          var Ctor = object.constructor;
+          if (isArr) {
+            accumulator = isArray(object) ? new Ctor : [];
+          } else {
+            accumulator = baseCreate(isFunction(Ctor) ? Ctor.prototype : undefined);
+          }
+        } else {
+          accumulator = {};
+        }
+      }
+      (isArr ? arrayEach : baseForOwn)(object, function(value, index, object) {
+        return iteratee(accumulator, value, index, object);
+      });
+      return accumulator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.values(new Foo);
+     * // => [1, 2] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     *
+     * _.values('hi');
+     * // => ['h', 'i']
+     */
+    function values(object) {
+      return baseValues(object, keys(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property values
+     * of `object`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Non-object values are coerced to objects.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Object
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property values.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function Foo() {
+     *   this.a = 1;
+     *   this.b = 2;
+     * }
+     *
+     * Foo.prototype.c = 3;
+     *
+     * _.valuesIn(new Foo);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3] (iteration order is not guaranteed)
+     */
+    function valuesIn(object) {
+      return baseValues(object, keysIn(object));
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `n` is between `start` and up to but not including, `end`. If
+     * `end` is not specified it's set to `start` with `start` then set to `0`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Number
+     * @param {number} n The number to check.
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `n` is in the range, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.inRange(3, 2, 4);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.inRange(4, 8);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.inRange(4, 2);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.inRange(2, 2);
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.inRange(1.2, 2);
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.inRange(5.2, 4);
+     * // => false
+     */
+    function inRange(value, start, end) {
+      start = +start || 0;
+      if (end === undefined) {
+        end = start;
+        start = 0;
+      } else {
+        end = +end || 0;
+      }
+      return value >= nativeMin(start, end) && value < nativeMax(start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
+     * argument is provided a number between `0` and the given number is returned.
+     * If `floating` is `true`, or either `min` or `max` are floats, a floating-point
+     * number is returned instead of an integer.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Number
+     * @param {number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
+     * @param {number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
+     * @param {boolean} [floating] Specify returning a floating-point number.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the random number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.random(0, 5);
+     * // => an integer between 0 and 5
+     *
+     * _.random(5);
+     * // => also an integer between 0 and 5
+     *
+     * _.random(5, true);
+     * // => a floating-point number between 0 and 5
+     *
+     * _.random(1.2, 5.2);
+     * // => a floating-point number between 1.2 and 5.2
+     */
+    function random(min, max, floating) {
+      if (floating && isIterateeCall(min, max, floating)) {
+        max = floating = undefined;
+      }
+      var noMin = min == null,
+          noMax = max == null;
+
+      if (floating == null) {
+        if (noMax && typeof min == 'boolean') {
+          floating = min;
+          min = 1;
+        }
+        else if (typeof max == 'boolean') {
+          floating = max;
+          noMax = true;
+        }
+      }
+      if (noMin && noMax) {
+        max = 1;
+        noMax = false;
+      }
+      min = +min || 0;
+      if (noMax) {
+        max = min;
+        min = 0;
+      } else {
+        max = +max || 0;
+      }
+      if (floating || min % 1 || max % 1) {
+        var rand = nativeRandom();
+        return nativeMin(min + (rand * (max - min + parseFloat('1e-' + ((rand + '').length - 1)))), max);
+      }
+      return baseRandom(min, max);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to [camel case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CamelCase).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the camel cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.camelCase('Foo Bar');
+     * // => 'fooBar'
+     *
+     * _.camelCase('--foo-bar');
+     * // => 'fooBar'
+     *
+     * _.camelCase('__foo_bar__');
+     * // => 'fooBar'
+     */
+    var camelCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      word = word.toLowerCase();
+      return result + (index ? (word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1)) : word);
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Capitalizes the first character of `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to capitalize.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the capitalized string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.capitalize('fred');
+     * // => 'Fred'
+     */
+    function capitalize(string) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      return string && (string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deburrs `string` by converting [latin-1 supplementary letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)#Character_table)
+     * to basic latin letters and removing [combining diacritical marks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to deburr.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the deburred string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.deburr('déjà vu');
+     * // => 'deja vu'
+     */
+    function deburr(string) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      return string && string.replace(reLatin1, deburrLetter).replace(reComboMark, '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `string` ends with the given target string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to search.
+     * @param {string} [target] The string to search for.
+     * @param {number} [position=string.length] The position to search from.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `string` ends with `target`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.endsWith('abc', 'c');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.endsWith('abc', 'b');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.endsWith('abc', 'b', 2);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function endsWith(string, target, position) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      target = (target + '');
+
+      var length = string.length;
+      position = position === undefined
+        ? length
+        : nativeMin(position < 0 ? 0 : (+position || 0), length);
+
+      position -= target.length;
+      return position >= 0 && string.indexOf(target, position) == position;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the characters "&", "<", ">", '"', "'", and "\`", in `string` to
+     * their corresponding HTML entities.
+     *
+     * **Note:** No other characters are escaped. To escape additional characters
+     * use a third-party library like [_he_](https://mths.be/he).
+     *
+     * Though the ">" character is escaped for symmetry, characters like
+     * ">" and "/" don't need escaping in HTML and have no special meaning
+     * unless they're part of a tag or unquoted attribute value.
+     * See [Mathias Bynens's article](https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands)
+     * (under "semi-related fun fact") for more details.
+     *
+     * Backticks are escaped because in Internet Explorer < 9, they can break out
+     * of attribute values or HTML comments. See [#59](https://html5sec.org/#59),
+     * [#102](https://html5sec.org/#102), [#108](https://html5sec.org/#108), and
+     * [#133](https://html5sec.org/#133) of the [HTML5 Security Cheatsheet](https://html5sec.org/)
+     * for more details.
+     *
+     * When working with HTML you should always [quote attribute values](http://wonko.com/post/html-escaping)
+     * to reduce XSS vectors.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to escape.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.escape('fred, barney, & pebbles');
+     * // => 'fred, barney, &amp; pebbles'
+     */
+    function escape(string) {
+      // Reset `lastIndex` because in IE < 9 `String#replace` does not.
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      return (string && reHasUnescapedHtml.test(string))
+        ? string.replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar)
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes the `RegExp` special characters "\", "/", "^", "$", ".", "|", "?",
+     * "*", "+", "(", ")", "[", "]", "{" and "}" in `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to escape.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.escapeRegExp('[lodash](https://lodash.com/)');
+     * // => '\[lodash\]\(https:\/\/lodash\.com\/\)'
+     */
+    function escapeRegExp(string) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      return (string && reHasRegExpChars.test(string))
+        ? string.replace(reRegExpChars, escapeRegExpChar)
+        : (string || '(?:)');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to [kebab case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case#Special_case_styles).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the kebab cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.kebabCase('Foo Bar');
+     * // => 'foo-bar'
+     *
+     * _.kebabCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'foo-bar'
+     *
+     * _.kebabCase('__foo_bar__');
+     * // => 'foo-bar'
+     */
+    var kebabCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? '-' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Pads `string` on the left and right sides if it's shorter than `length`.
+     * Padding characters are truncated if they can't be evenly divided by `length`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.pad('abc', 8);
+     * // => '  abc   '
+     *
+     * _.pad('abc', 8, '_-');
+     * // => '_-abc_-_'
+     *
+     * _.pad('abc', 3);
+     * // => 'abc'
+     */
+    function pad(string, length, chars) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      length = +length;
+
+      var strLength = string.length;
+      if (strLength >= length || !nativeIsFinite(length)) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var mid = (length - strLength) / 2,
+          leftLength = nativeFloor(mid),
+          rightLength = nativeCeil(mid);
+
+      chars = createPadding('', rightLength, chars);
+      return chars.slice(0, leftLength) + string + chars;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pads `string` on the left side if it's shorter than `length`. Padding
+     * characters are truncated if they exceed `length`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.padLeft('abc', 6);
+     * // => '   abc'
+     *
+     * _.padLeft('abc', 6, '_-');
+     * // => '_-_abc'
+     *
+     * _.padLeft('abc', 3);
+     * // => 'abc'
+     */
+    var padLeft = createPadDir();
+
+    /**
+     * Pads `string` on the right side if it's shorter than `length`. Padding
+     * characters are truncated if they exceed `length`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
+     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
+     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.padRight('abc', 6);
+     * // => 'abc   '
+     *
+     * _.padRight('abc', 6, '_-');
+     * // => 'abc_-_'
+     *
+     * _.padRight('abc', 3);
+     * // => 'abc'
+     */
+    var padRight = createPadDir(true);
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to an integer of the specified radix. If `radix` is
+     * `undefined` or `0`, a `radix` of `10` is used unless `value` is a hexadecimal,
+     * in which case a `radix` of `16` is used.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method aligns with the [ES5 implementation](https://es5.github.io/#E)
+     * of `parseInt`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} string The string to convert.
+     * @param {number} [radix] The radix to interpret `value` by.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the converted integer.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.parseInt('08');
+     * // => 8
+     *
+     * _.map(['6', '08', '10'], _.parseInt);
+     * // => [6, 8, 10]
+     */
+    function parseInt(string, radix, guard) {
+      // Firefox < 21 and Opera < 15 follow ES3 for `parseInt`.
+      // Chrome fails to trim leading <BOM> whitespace characters.
+      // See https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=3109 for more details.
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(string, radix, guard) : radix == null) {
+        radix = 0;
+      } else if (radix) {
+        radix = +radix;
+      }
+      string = trim(string);
+      return nativeParseInt(string, radix || (reHasHexPrefix.test(string) ? 16 : 10));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Repeats the given string `n` times.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to repeat.
+     * @param {number} [n=0] The number of times to repeat the string.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the repeated string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.repeat('*', 3);
+     * // => '***'
+     *
+     * _.repeat('abc', 2);
+     * // => 'abcabc'
+     *
+     * _.repeat('abc', 0);
+     * // => ''
+     */
+    function repeat(string, n) {
+      var result = '';
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      n = +n;
+      if (n < 1 || !string || !nativeIsFinite(n)) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      // Leverage the exponentiation by squaring algorithm for a faster repeat.
+      // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring for more details.
+      do {
+        if (n % 2) {
+          result += string;
+        }
+        n = nativeFloor(n / 2);
+        string += string;
+      } while (n);
+
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to [snake case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_case).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the snake cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.snakeCase('Foo Bar');
+     * // => 'foo_bar'
+     *
+     * _.snakeCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'foo_bar'
+     *
+     * _.snakeCase('--foo-bar');
+     * // => 'foo_bar'
+     */
+    var snakeCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? '_' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Converts `string` to [start case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case#Stylistic_or_specialised_usage).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the start cased string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.startCase('--foo-bar');
+     * // => 'Foo Bar'
+     *
+     * _.startCase('fooBar');
+     * // => 'Foo Bar'
+     *
+     * _.startCase('__foo_bar__');
+     * // => 'Foo Bar'
+     */
+    var startCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
+      return result + (index ? ' ' : '') + (word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if `string` starts with the given target string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to search.
+     * @param {string} [target] The string to search for.
+     * @param {number} [position=0] The position to search from.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `string` starts with `target`, else `false`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.startsWith('abc', 'a');
+     * // => true
+     *
+     * _.startsWith('abc', 'b');
+     * // => false
+     *
+     * _.startsWith('abc', 'b', 1);
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function startsWith(string, target, position) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      position = position == null
+        ? 0
+        : nativeMin(position < 0 ? 0 : (+position || 0), string.length);
+
+      return string.lastIndexOf(target, position) == position;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a compiled template function that can interpolate data properties
+     * in "interpolate" delimiters, HTML-escape interpolated data properties in
+     * "escape" delimiters, and execute JavaScript in "evaluate" delimiters. Data
+     * properties may be accessed as free variables in the template. If a setting
+     * object is provided it takes precedence over `_.templateSettings` values.
+     *
+     * **Note:** In the development build `_.template` utilizes
+     * [sourceURLs](http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl)
+     * for easier debugging.
+     *
+     * For more information on precompiling templates see
+     * [lodash's custom builds documentation](https://lodash.com/custom-builds).
+     *
+     * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see
+     * [Chrome's extensions documentation](https://developer.chrome.com/extensions/sandboxingEval).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The template string.
+     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+     * @param {RegExp} [options.escape] The HTML "escape" delimiter.
+     * @param {RegExp} [options.evaluate] The "evaluate" delimiter.
+     * @param {Object} [options.imports] An object to import into the template as free variables.
+     * @param {RegExp} [options.interpolate] The "interpolate" delimiter.
+     * @param {string} [options.sourceURL] The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
+     * @param {string} [options.variable] The data object variable name.
+     * @param- {Object} [otherOptions] Enables the legacy `options` param signature.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the compiled template function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // using the "interpolate" delimiter to create a compiled template
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= user %>!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'fred' });
+     * // => 'hello fred!'
+     *
+     * // using the HTML "escape" delimiter to escape data property values
+     * var compiled = _.template('<b><%- value %></b>');
+     * compiled({ 'value': '<script>' });
+     * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
+     *
+     * // using the "evaluate" delimiter to execute JavaScript and generate HTML
+     * var compiled = _.template('<% _.forEach(users, function(user) { %><li><%- user %></li><% }); %>');
+     * compiled({ 'users': ['fred', 'barney'] });
+     * // => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'
+     *
+     * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
+     * var compiled = _.template('<% print("hello " + user); %>!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'barney' });
+     * // => 'hello barney!'
+     *
+     * // using the ES delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello ${ user }!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'pebbles' });
+     * // => 'hello pebbles!'
+     *
+     * // using custom template delimiters
+     * _.templateSettings.interpolate = /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g;
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello {{ user }}!');
+     * compiled({ 'user': 'mustache' });
+     * // => 'hello mustache!'
+     *
+     * // using backslashes to treat delimiters as plain text
+     * var compiled = _.template('<%= "\\<%- value %\\>" %>');
+     * compiled({ 'value': 'ignored' });
+     * // => '<%- value %>'
+     *
+     * // using the `imports` option to import `jQuery` as `jq`
+     * var text = '<% jq.each(users, function(user) { %><li><%- user %></li><% }); %>';
+     * var compiled = _.template(text, { 'imports': { 'jq': jQuery } });
+     * compiled({ 'users': ['fred', 'barney'] });
+     * // => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'
+     *
+     * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
+     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= user %>!', { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
+     * compiled(data);
+     * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
+     *
+     * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
+     * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.user %>!', { 'variable': 'data' });
+     * compiled.source;
+     * // => function(data) {
+     * //   var __t, __p = '';
+     * //   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.user )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
+     * //   return __p;
+     * // }
+     *
+     * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
+     * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
+     * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
+     *   var JST = {\
+     *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
+     *   };\
+     * ');
+     */
+    function template(string, options, otherOptions) {
+      // Based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation (http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/)
+      // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js (https://github.com/olado/doT).
+      var settings = lodash.templateSettings;
+
+      if (otherOptions && isIterateeCall(string, options, otherOptions)) {
+        options = otherOptions = undefined;
+      }
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      options = assignWith(baseAssign({}, otherOptions || options), settings, assignOwnDefaults);
+
+      var imports = assignWith(baseAssign({}, options.imports), settings.imports, assignOwnDefaults),
+          importsKeys = keys(imports),
+          importsValues = baseValues(imports, importsKeys);
+
+      var isEscaping,
+          isEvaluating,
+          index = 0,
+          interpolate = options.interpolate || reNoMatch,
+          source = "__p += '";
+
+      // Compile the regexp to match each delimiter.
+      var reDelimiters = RegExp(
+        (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+        interpolate.source + '|' +
+        (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+        (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
+      , 'g');
+
+      // Use a sourceURL for easier debugging.
+      var sourceURL = '//# sourceURL=' +
+        ('sourceURL' in options
+          ? options.sourceURL
+          : ('lodash.templateSources[' + (++templateCounter) + ']')
+        ) + '\n';
+
+      string.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
+        interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);
+
+        // Escape characters that can't be included in string literals.
+        source += string.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
+
+        // Replace delimiters with snippets.
+        if (escapeValue) {
+          isEscaping = true;
+          source += "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
+        }
+        if (evaluateValue) {
+          isEvaluating = true;
+          source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
+        }
+        if (interpolateValue) {
+          source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
+        }
+        index = offset + match.length;
+
+        // The JS engine embedded in Adobe products requires returning the `match`
+        // string in order to produce the correct `offset` value.
+        return match;
+      });
+
+      source += "';\n";
+
+      // If `variable` is not specified wrap a with-statement around the generated
+      // code to add the data object to the top of the scope chain.
+      var variable = options.variable;
+      if (!variable) {
+        source = 'with (obj) {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
+      }
+      // Cleanup code by stripping empty strings.
+      source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
+        .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
+        .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');
+
+      // Frame code as the function body.
+      source = 'function(' + (variable || 'obj') + ') {\n' +
+        (variable
+          ? ''
+          : 'obj || (obj = {});\n'
+        ) +
+        "var __t, __p = ''" +
+        (isEscaping
+           ? ', __e = _.escape'
+           : ''
+        ) +
+        (isEvaluating
+          ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
+            "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n"
+          : ';\n'
+        ) +
+        source +
+        'return __p\n}';
+
+      var result = attempt(function() {
+        return Function(importsKeys, sourceURL + 'return ' + source).apply(undefined, importsValues);
+      });
+
+      // Provide the compiled function's source by its `toString` method or
+      // the `source` property as a convenience for inlining compiled templates.
+      result.source = source;
+      if (isError(result)) {
+        throw result;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes leading and trailing whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
+     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trim('  abc  ');
+     * // => 'abc'
+     *
+     * _.trim('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
+     * // => 'abc'
+     *
+     * _.map(['  foo  ', '  bar  '], _.trim);
+     * // => ['foo', 'bar']
+     */
+    function trim(string, chars, guard) {
+      var value = string;
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      if (!string) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(value, chars, guard) : chars == null) {
+        return string.slice(trimmedLeftIndex(string), trimmedRightIndex(string) + 1);
+      }
+      chars = (chars + '');
+      return string.slice(charsLeftIndex(string, chars), charsRightIndex(string, chars) + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes leading whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
+     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trimLeft('  abc  ');
+     * // => 'abc  '
+     *
+     * _.trimLeft('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
+     * // => 'abc-_-'
+     */
+    function trimLeft(string, chars, guard) {
+      var value = string;
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      if (!string) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(value, chars, guard) : chars == null) {
+        return string.slice(trimmedLeftIndex(string));
+      }
+      return string.slice(charsLeftIndex(string, (chars + '')));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes trailing whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
+     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trimRight('  abc  ');
+     * // => '  abc'
+     *
+     * _.trimRight('-_-abc-_-', '_-');
+     * // => '-_-abc'
+     */
+    function trimRight(string, chars, guard) {
+      var value = string;
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      if (!string) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      if (guard ? isIterateeCall(value, chars, guard) : chars == null) {
+        return string.slice(0, trimmedRightIndex(string) + 1);
+      }
+      return string.slice(0, charsRightIndex(string, (chars + '')) + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Truncates `string` if it's longer than the given maximum string length.
+     * The last characters of the truncated string are replaced with the omission
+     * string which defaults to "...".
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to truncate.
+     * @param {Object|number} [options] The options object or maximum string length.
+     * @param {number} [options.length=30] The maximum string length.
+     * @param {string} [options.omission='...'] The string to indicate text is omitted.
+     * @param {RegExp|string} [options.separator] The separator pattern to truncate to.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the truncated string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino');
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neighbo...'
+     *
+     * _.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', 24);
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, n...'
+     *
+     * _.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
+     *   'length': 24,
+     *   'separator': ' '
+     * });
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there,...'
+     *
+     * _.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
+     *   'length': 24,
+     *   'separator': /,? +/
+     * });
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there...'
+     *
+     * _.trunc('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', {
+     *   'omission': ' [...]'
+     * });
+     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neig [...]'
+     */
+    function trunc(string, options, guard) {
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(string, options, guard)) {
+        options = undefined;
+      }
+      var length = DEFAULT_TRUNC_LENGTH,
+          omission = DEFAULT_TRUNC_OMISSION;
+
+      if (options != null) {
+        if (isObject(options)) {
+          var separator = 'separator' in options ? options.separator : separator;
+          length = 'length' in options ? (+options.length || 0) : length;
+          omission = 'omission' in options ? baseToString(options.omission) : omission;
+        } else {
+          length = +options || 0;
+        }
+      }
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      if (length >= string.length) {
+        return string;
+      }
+      var end = length - omission.length;
+      if (end < 1) {
+        return omission;
+      }
+      var result = string.slice(0, end);
+      if (separator == null) {
+        return result + omission;
+      }
+      if (isRegExp(separator)) {
+        if (string.slice(end).search(separator)) {
+          var match,
+              newEnd,
+              substring = string.slice(0, end);
+
+          if (!separator.global) {
+            separator = RegExp(separator.source, (reFlags.exec(separator) || '') + 'g');
+          }
+          separator.lastIndex = 0;
+          while ((match = separator.exec(substring))) {
+            newEnd = match.index;
+          }
+          result = result.slice(0, newEnd == null ? end : newEnd);
+        }
+      } else if (string.indexOf(separator, end) != end) {
+        var index = result.lastIndexOf(separator);
+        if (index > -1) {
+          result = result.slice(0, index);
+        }
+      }
+      return result + omission;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The inverse of `_.escape`; this method converts the HTML entities
+     * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, `&#39;`, and `&#96;` in `string` to their
+     * corresponding characters.
+     *
+     * **Note:** No other HTML entities are unescaped. To unescape additional HTML
+     * entities use a third-party library like [_he_](https://mths.be/he).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to unescape.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped string.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.unescape('fred, barney, &amp; pebbles');
+     * // => 'fred, barney, & pebbles'
+     */
+    function unescape(string) {
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      return (string && reHasEscapedHtml.test(string))
+        ? string.replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar)
+        : string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits `string` into an array of its words.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category String
+     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to inspect.
+     * @param {RegExp|string} [pattern] The pattern to match words.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the words of `string`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.words('fred, barney, & pebbles');
+     * // => ['fred', 'barney', 'pebbles']
+     *
+     * _.words('fred, barney, & pebbles', /[^, ]+/g);
+     * // => ['fred', 'barney', '&', 'pebbles']
+     */
+    function words(string, pattern, guard) {
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(string, pattern, guard)) {
+        pattern = undefined;
+      }
+      string = baseToString(string);
+      return string.match(pattern || reWords) || [];
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to invoke `func`, returning either the result or the caught error
+     * object. Any additional arguments are provided to `func` when it's invoked.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Function} func The function to attempt.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the `func` result or error object.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * // avoid throwing errors for invalid selectors
+     * var elements = _.attempt(function(selector) {
+     *   return document.querySelectorAll(selector);
+     * }, '>_>');
+     *
+     * if (_.isError(elements)) {
+     *   elements = [];
+     * }
+     */
+    var attempt = restParam(function(func, args) {
+      try {
+        return func.apply(undefined, args);
+      } catch(e) {
+        return isError(e) ? e : new Error(e);
+      }
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of `thisArg`
+     * and arguments of the created function. If `func` is a property name the
+     * created callback returns the property value for a given element. If `func`
+     * is an object the created callback returns `true` for elements that contain
+     * the equivalent object properties, otherwise it returns `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @alias iteratee
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {*} [func=_.identity] The value to convert to a callback.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the callback.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
+     * _.callback = _.wrap(_.callback, function(callback, func, thisArg) {
+     *   var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(func);
+     *   if (!match) {
+     *     return callback(func, thisArg);
+     *   }
+     *   return function(object) {
+     *     return match[2] == 'gt'
+     *       ? object[match[1]] > match[3]
+     *       : object[match[1]] < match[3];
+     *   };
+     * });
+     *
+     * _.filter(users, 'age__gt36');
+     * // => [{ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }]
+     */
+    function callback(func, thisArg, guard) {
+      if (guard && isIterateeCall(func, thisArg, guard)) {
+        thisArg = undefined;
+      }
+      return isObjectLike(func)
+        ? matches(func)
+        : baseCallback(func, thisArg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that returns `value`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {*} value The value to return from the new function.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     * var getter = _.constant(object);
+     *
+     * getter() === object;
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function constant(value) {
+      return function() {
+        return value;
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns the first argument provided to it.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {*} value Any value.
+     * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     *
+     * _.identity(object) === object;
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function identity(value) {
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that performs a deep comparison between a given object
+     * and `source`, returning `true` if the given object has equivalent property
+     * values, else `false`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, `Date` objects,
+     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by
+     * their own, not inherited, enumerable properties. For comparing a single
+     * own or inherited property value see `_.matchesProperty`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'active': true },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'active': false }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.filter(users, _.matches({ 'age': 40, 'active': false }));
+     * // => [{ 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'active': false }]
+     */
+    function matches(source) {
+      return baseMatches(baseClone(source, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that compares the property value of `path` on a given
+     * object to `value`.
+     *
+     * **Note:** This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, `Date` objects,
+     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Objects are compared by
+     * their own, not inherited, enumerable properties.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @param {*} srcValue The value to match.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney' },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred' }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.find(users, _.matchesProperty('user', 'fred'));
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred' }
+     */
+    function matchesProperty(path, srcValue) {
+      return baseMatchesProperty(path, baseClone(srcValue, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that invokes the method at `path` on a given object.
+     * Any additional arguments are provided to the invoked method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the method to invoke.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': _.constant(2) } } },
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': _.constant(1) } } }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.map(objects, _.method('a.b.c'));
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     *
+     * _.invoke(_.sortBy(objects, _.method(['a', 'b', 'c'])), 'a.b.c');
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    var method = restParam(function(path, args) {
+      return function(object) {
+        return invokePath(object, path, args);
+      };
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.method`; this method creates a function that invokes
+     * the method at a given path on `object`. Any additional arguments are
+     * provided to the invoked method.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @param {...*} [args] The arguments to invoke the method with.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = _.times(3, _.constant),
+     *     object = { 'a': array, 'b': array, 'c': array };
+     *
+     * _.map(['a[2]', 'c[0]'], _.methodOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     *
+     * _.map([['a', '2'], ['c', '0']], _.methodOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     */
+    var methodOf = restParam(function(object, args) {
+      return function(path) {
+        return invokePath(object, path, args);
+      };
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Adds all own enumerable function properties of a source object to the
+     * destination object. If `object` is a function then methods are added to
+     * its prototype as well.
+     *
+     * **Note:** Use `_.runInContext` to create a pristine `lodash` function to
+     * avoid conflicts caused by modifying the original.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Function|Object} [object=lodash] The destination object.
+     * @param {Object} source The object of functions to add.
+     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+     * @param {boolean} [options.chain=true] Specify whether the functions added
+     *  are chainable.
+     * @returns {Function|Object} Returns `object`.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * function vowels(string) {
+     *   return _.filter(string, function(v) {
+     *     return /[aeiou]/i.test(v);
+     *   });
+     * }
+     *
+     * _.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels });
+     * _.vowels('fred');
+     * // => ['e']
+     *
+     * _('fred').vowels().value();
+     * // => ['e']
+     *
+     * _.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels }, { 'chain': false });
+     * _('fred').vowels();
+     * // => ['e']
+     */
+    function mixin(object, source, options) {
+      if (options == null) {
+        var isObj = isObject(source),
+            props = isObj ? keys(source) : undefined,
+            methodNames = (props && props.length) ? baseFunctions(source, props) : undefined;
+
+        if (!(methodNames ? methodNames.length : isObj)) {
+          methodNames = false;
+          options = source;
+          source = object;
+          object = this;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!methodNames) {
+        methodNames = baseFunctions(source, keys(source));
+      }
+      var chain = true,
+          index = -1,
+          isFunc = isFunction(object),
+          length = methodNames.length;
+
+      if (options === false) {
+        chain = false;
+      } else if (isObject(options) && 'chain' in options) {
+        chain = options.chain;
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var methodName = methodNames[index],
+            func = source[methodName];
+
+        object[methodName] = func;
+        if (isFunc) {
+          object.prototype[methodName] = (function(func) {
+            return function() {
+              var chainAll = this.__chain__;
+              if (chain || chainAll) {
+                var result = object(this.__wrapped__),
+                    actions = result.__actions__ = arrayCopy(this.__actions__);
+
+                actions.push({ 'func': func, 'args': arguments, 'thisArg': object });
+                result.__chain__ = chainAll;
+                return result;
+              }
+              return func.apply(object, arrayPush([this.value()], arguments));
+            };
+          }(func));
+        }
+      }
+      return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverts the `_` variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
+     * the `lodash` function.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var lodash = _.noConflict();
+     */
+    function noConflict() {
+      root._ = oldDash;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A no-operation function that returns `undefined` regardless of the
+     * arguments it receives.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var object = { 'user': 'fred' };
+     *
+     * _.noop(object) === undefined;
+     * // => true
+     */
+    function noop() {
+      // No operation performed.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function that returns the property value at `path` on a
+     * given object.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Array|string} path The path of the property to get.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': 2 } } },
+     *   { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': 1 } } }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.map(objects, _.property('a.b.c'));
+     * // => [2, 1]
+     *
+     * _.pluck(_.sortBy(objects, _.property(['a', 'b', 'c'])), 'a.b.c');
+     * // => [1, 2]
+     */
+    function property(path) {
+      return isKey(path) ? baseProperty(path) : basePropertyDeep(path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The opposite of `_.property`; this method creates a function that returns
+     * the property value at a given path on `object`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {Object} object The object to query.
+     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var array = [0, 1, 2],
+     *     object = { 'a': array, 'b': array, 'c': array };
+     *
+     * _.map(['a[2]', 'c[0]'], _.propertyOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     *
+     * _.map([['a', '2'], ['c', '0']], _.propertyOf(object));
+     * // => [2, 0]
+     */
+    function propertyOf(object) {
+      return function(path) {
+        return baseGet(object, toPath(path), (path + ''));
+      };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
+     * `start` up to, but not including, `end`. If `end` is not specified it's
+     * set to `start` with `start` then set to `0`. If `end` is less than `start`
+     * a zero-length range is created unless a negative `step` is specified.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+     * @param {number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of numbers.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.range(4);
+     * // => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+     *
+     * _.range(1, 5);
+     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
+     *
+     * _.range(0, 20, 5);
+     * // => [0, 5, 10, 15]
+     *
+     * _.range(0, -4, -1);
+     * // => [0, -1, -2, -3]
+     *
+     * _.range(1, 4, 0);
+     * // => [1, 1, 1]
+     *
+     * _.range(0);
+     * // => []
+     */
+    function range(start, end, step) {
+      if (step && isIterateeCall(start, end, step)) {
+        end = step = undefined;
+      }
+      start = +start || 0;
+      step = step == null ? 1 : (+step || 0);
+
+      if (end == null) {
+        end = start;
+        start = 0;
+      } else {
+        end = +end || 0;
+      }
+      // Use `Array(length)` so engines like Chakra and V8 avoid slower modes.
+      // See https://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s for more details.
+      var index = -1,
+          length = nativeMax(nativeCeil((end - start) / (step || 1)), 0),
+          result = Array(length);
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = start;
+        start += step;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes the iteratee function `n` times, returning an array of the results
+     * of each invocation. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+     * one argument; (index).
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {number} n The number of times to invoke `iteratee`.
+     * @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6, false));
+     * // => [3, 6, 4]
+     *
+     * _.times(3, function(n) {
+     *   mage.castSpell(n);
+     * });
+     * // => invokes `mage.castSpell(n)` three times with `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2`
+     *
+     * _.times(3, function(n) {
+     *   this.cast(n);
+     * }, mage);
+     * // => also invokes `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
+     */
+    function times(n, iteratee, thisArg) {
+      n = nativeFloor(n);
+
+      // Exit early to avoid a JSC JIT bug in Safari 8
+      // where `Array(0)` is treated as `Array(1)`.
+      if (n < 1 || !nativeIsFinite(n)) {
+        return [];
+      }
+      var index = -1,
+          result = Array(nativeMin(n, MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH));
+
+      iteratee = bindCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 1);
+      while (++index < n) {
+        if (index < MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH) {
+          result[index] = iteratee(index);
+        } else {
+          iteratee(index);
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is provided the ID is appended to it.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Utility
+     * @param {string} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
+     * @returns {string} Returns the unique ID.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.uniqueId('contact_');
+     * // => 'contact_104'
+     *
+     * _.uniqueId();
+     * // => '105'
+     */
+    function uniqueId(prefix) {
+      var id = ++idCounter;
+      return baseToString(prefix) + id;
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Adds two numbers.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} augend The first number to add.
+     * @param {number} addend The second number to add.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.add(6, 4);
+     * // => 10
+     */
+    function add(augend, addend) {
+      return (+augend || 0) + (+addend || 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates `n` rounded up to `precision`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} n The number to round up.
+     * @param {number} [precision=0] The precision to round up to.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the rounded up number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.ceil(4.006);
+     * // => 5
+     *
+     * _.ceil(6.004, 2);
+     * // => 6.01
+     *
+     * _.ceil(6040, -2);
+     * // => 6100
+     */
+    var ceil = createRound('ceil');
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates `n` rounded down to `precision`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} n The number to round down.
+     * @param {number} [precision=0] The precision to round down to.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the rounded down number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.floor(4.006);
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.floor(0.046, 2);
+     * // => 0.04
+     *
+     * _.floor(4060, -2);
+     * // => 4000
+     */
+    var floor = createRound('floor');
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum value of `collection`. If `collection` is empty or falsey
+     * `-Infinity` is returned. If an iteratee function is provided it's invoked
+     * for each value in `collection` to generate the criterion by which the value
+     * is ranked. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, index, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the maximum value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+     * // => 8
+     *
+     * _.max([]);
+     * // => -Infinity
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.max(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.age;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.max(users, 'age');
+     * // => { 'user': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+     */
+    var max = createExtremum(gt, NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the minimum value of `collection`. If `collection` is empty or falsey
+     * `Infinity` is returned. If an iteratee function is provided it's invoked
+     * for each value in `collection` to generate the criterion by which the value
+     * is ranked. The `iteratee` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+     * arguments: (value, index, collection).
+     *
+     * If a property name is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.property`
+     * style callback returns the property value of the given element.
+     *
+     * If a value is also provided for `thisArg` the created `_.matchesProperty`
+     * style callback returns `true` for elements that have a matching property
+     * value, else `false`.
+     *
+     * If an object is provided for `iteratee` the created `_.matches` style
+     * callback returns `true` for elements that have the properties of the given
+     * object, else `false`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {*} Returns the minimum value.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+     * // => 2
+     *
+     * _.min([]);
+     * // => Infinity
+     *
+     * var users = [
+     *   { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+     *   { 'user': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.min(users, function(chr) {
+     *   return chr.age;
+     * });
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.min(users, 'age');
+     * // => { 'user': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+     */
+    var min = createExtremum(lt, POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates `n` rounded to `precision`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {number} n The number to round.
+     * @param {number} [precision=0] The precision to round to.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the rounded number.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.round(4.006);
+     * // => 4
+     *
+     * _.round(4.006, 2);
+     * // => 4.01
+     *
+     * _.round(4060, -2);
+     * // => 4100
+     */
+    var round = createRound('round');
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the sum of the values in `collection`.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @category Math
+     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+     * @param {Function|Object|string} [iteratee] The function invoked per iteration.
+     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
+     * @returns {number} Returns the sum.
+     * @example
+     *
+     * _.sum([4, 6]);
+     * // => 10
+     *
+     * _.sum({ 'a': 4, 'b': 6 });
+     * // => 10
+     *
+     * var objects = [
+     *   { 'n': 4 },
+     *   { 'n': 6 }
+     * ];
+     *
+     * _.sum(objects, function(object) {
+     *   return object.n;
+     * });
+     * // => 10
+     *
+     * // using the `_.property` callback shorthand
+     * _.sum(objects, 'n');
+     * // => 10
+     */
+    function sum(collection, iteratee, thisArg) {
+      if (thisArg && isIterateeCall(collection, iteratee, thisArg)) {
+        iteratee = undefined;
+      }
+      iteratee = getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 3);
+      return iteratee.length == 1
+        ? arraySum(isArray(collection) ? collection : toIterable(collection), iteratee)
+        : baseSum(collection, iteratee);
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Ensure wrappers are instances of `baseLodash`.
+    lodash.prototype = baseLodash.prototype;
+
+    LodashWrapper.prototype = baseCreate(baseLodash.prototype);
+    LodashWrapper.prototype.constructor = LodashWrapper;
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype = baseCreate(baseLodash.prototype);
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.constructor = LazyWrapper;
+
+    // Add functions to the `Map` cache.
+    MapCache.prototype['delete'] = mapDelete;
+    MapCache.prototype.get = mapGet;
+    MapCache.prototype.has = mapHas;
+    MapCache.prototype.set = mapSet;
+
+    // Add functions to the `Set` cache.
+    SetCache.prototype.push = cachePush;
+
+    // Assign cache to `_.memoize`.
+    memoize.Cache = MapCache;
+
+    // Add functions that return wrapped values when chaining.
+    lodash.after = after;
+    lodash.ary = ary;
+    lodash.assign = assign;
+    lodash.at = at;
+    lodash.before = before;
+    lodash.bind = bind;
+    lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
+    lodash.bindKey = bindKey;
+    lodash.callback = callback;
+    lodash.chain = chain;
+    lodash.chunk = chunk;
+    lodash.compact = compact;
+    lodash.constant = constant;
+    lodash.countBy = countBy;
+    lodash.create = create;
+    lodash.curry = curry;
+    lodash.curryRight = curryRight;
+    lodash.debounce = debounce;
+    lodash.defaults = defaults;
+    lodash.defaultsDeep = defaultsDeep;
+    lodash.defer = defer;
+    lodash.delay = delay;
+    lodash.difference = difference;
+    lodash.drop = drop;
+    lodash.dropRight = dropRight;
+    lodash.dropRightWhile = dropRightWhile;
+    lodash.dropWhile = dropWhile;
+    lodash.fill = fill;
+    lodash.filter = filter;
+    lodash.flatten = flatten;
+    lodash.flattenDeep = flattenDeep;
+    lodash.flow = flow;
+    lodash.flowRight = flowRight;
+    lodash.forEach = forEach;
+    lodash.forEachRight = forEachRight;
+    lodash.forIn = forIn;
+    lodash.forInRight = forInRight;
+    lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
+    lodash.forOwnRight = forOwnRight;
+    lodash.functions = functions;
+    lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
+    lodash.indexBy = indexBy;
+    lodash.initial = initial;
+    lodash.intersection = intersection;
+    lodash.invert = invert;
+    lodash.invoke = invoke;
+    lodash.keys = keys;
+    lodash.keysIn = keysIn;
+    lodash.map = map;
+    lodash.mapKeys = mapKeys;
+    lodash.mapValues = mapValues;
+    lodash.matches = matches;
+    lodash.matchesProperty = matchesProperty;
+    lodash.memoize = memoize;
+    lodash.merge = merge;
+    lodash.method = method;
+    lodash.methodOf = methodOf;
+    lodash.mixin = mixin;
+    lodash.modArgs = modArgs;
+    lodash.negate = negate;
+    lodash.omit = omit;
+    lodash.once = once;
+    lodash.pairs = pairs;
+    lodash.partial = partial;
+    lodash.partialRight = partialRight;
+    lodash.partition = partition;
+    lodash.pick = pick;
+    lodash.pluck = pluck;
+    lodash.property = property;
+    lodash.propertyOf = propertyOf;
+    lodash.pull = pull;
+    lodash.pullAt = pullAt;
+    lodash.range = range;
+    lodash.rearg = rearg;
+    lodash.reject = reject;
+    lodash.remove = remove;
+    lodash.rest = rest;
+    lodash.restParam = restParam;
+    lodash.set = set;
+    lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
+    lodash.slice = slice;
+    lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
+    lodash.sortByAll = sortByAll;
+    lodash.sortByOrder = sortByOrder;
+    lodash.spread = spread;
+    lodash.take = take;
+    lodash.takeRight = takeRight;
+    lodash.takeRightWhile = takeRightWhile;
+    lodash.takeWhile = takeWhile;
+    lodash.tap = tap;
+    lodash.throttle = throttle;
+    lodash.thru = thru;
+    lodash.times = times;
+    lodash.toArray = toArray;
+    lodash.toPlainObject = toPlainObject;
+    lodash.transform = transform;
+    lodash.union = union;
+    lodash.uniq = uniq;
+    lodash.unzip = unzip;
+    lodash.unzipWith = unzipWith;
+    lodash.values = values;
+    lodash.valuesIn = valuesIn;
+    lodash.where = where;
+    lodash.without = without;
+    lodash.wrap = wrap;
+    lodash.xor = xor;
+    lodash.zip = zip;
+    lodash.zipObject = zipObject;
+    lodash.zipWith = zipWith;
+
+    // Add aliases.
+    lodash.backflow = flowRight;
+    lodash.collect = map;
+    lodash.compose = flowRight;
+    lodash.each = forEach;
+    lodash.eachRight = forEachRight;
+    lodash.extend = assign;
+    lodash.iteratee = callback;
+    lodash.methods = functions;
+    lodash.object = zipObject;
+    lodash.select = filter;
+    lodash.tail = rest;
+    lodash.unique = uniq;
+
+    // Add functions to `lodash.prototype`.
+    mixin(lodash, lodash);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining.
+    lodash.add = add;
+    lodash.attempt = attempt;
+    lodash.camelCase = camelCase;
+    lodash.capitalize = capitalize;
+    lodash.ceil = ceil;
+    lodash.clone = clone;
+    lodash.cloneDeep = cloneDeep;
+    lodash.deburr = deburr;
+    lodash.endsWith = endsWith;
+    lodash.escape = escape;
+    lodash.escapeRegExp = escapeRegExp;
+    lodash.every = every;
+    lodash.find = find;
+    lodash.findIndex = findIndex;
+    lodash.findKey = findKey;
+    lodash.findLast = findLast;
+    lodash.findLastIndex = findLastIndex;
+    lodash.findLastKey = findLastKey;
+    lodash.findWhere = findWhere;
+    lodash.first = first;
+    lodash.floor = floor;
+    lodash.get = get;
+    lodash.gt = gt;
+    lodash.gte = gte;
+    lodash.has = has;
+    lodash.identity = identity;
+    lodash.includes = includes;
+    lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
+    lodash.inRange = inRange;
+    lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
+    lodash.isArray = isArray;
+    lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
+    lodash.isDate = isDate;
+    lodash.isElement = isElement;
+    lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
+    lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
+    lodash.isError = isError;
+    lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
+    lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
+    lodash.isMatch = isMatch;
+    lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
+    lodash.isNative = isNative;
+    lodash.isNull = isNull;
+    lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
+    lodash.isObject = isObject;
+    lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
+    lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
+    lodash.isString = isString;
+    lodash.isTypedArray = isTypedArray;
+    lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
+    lodash.kebabCase = kebabCase;
+    lodash.last = last;
+    lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
+    lodash.lt = lt;
+    lodash.lte = lte;
+    lodash.max = max;
+    lodash.min = min;
+    lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
+    lodash.noop = noop;
+    lodash.now = now;
+    lodash.pad = pad;
+    lodash.padLeft = padLeft;
+    lodash.padRight = padRight;
+    lodash.parseInt = parseInt;
+    lodash.random = random;
+    lodash.reduce = reduce;
+    lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
+    lodash.repeat = repeat;
+    lodash.result = result;
+    lodash.round = round;
+    lodash.runInContext = runInContext;
+    lodash.size = size;
+    lodash.snakeCase = snakeCase;
+    lodash.some = some;
+    lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
+    lodash.sortedLastIndex = sortedLastIndex;
+    lodash.startCase = startCase;
+    lodash.startsWith = startsWith;
+    lodash.sum = sum;
+    lodash.template = template;
+    lodash.trim = trim;
+    lodash.trimLeft = trimLeft;
+    lodash.trimRight = trimRight;
+    lodash.trunc = trunc;
+    lodash.unescape = unescape;
+    lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
+    lodash.words = words;
+
+    // Add aliases.
+    lodash.all = every;
+    lodash.any = some;
+    lodash.contains = includes;
+    lodash.eq = isEqual;
+    lodash.detect = find;
+    lodash.foldl = reduce;
+    lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
+    lodash.head = first;
+    lodash.include = includes;
+    lodash.inject = reduce;
+
+    mixin(lodash, (function() {
+      var source = {};
+      baseForOwn(lodash, function(func, methodName) {
+        if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
+          source[methodName] = func;
+        }
+      });
+      return source;
+    }()), false);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining.
+    lodash.sample = sample;
+
+    lodash.prototype.sample = function(n) {
+      if (!this.__chain__ && n == null) {
+        return sample(this.value());
+      }
+      return this.thru(function(value) {
+        return sample(value, n);
+      });
+    };
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The semantic version number.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _
+     * @type string
+     */
+    lodash.VERSION = VERSION;
+
+    // Assign default placeholders.
+    arrayEach(['bind', 'bindKey', 'curry', 'curryRight', 'partial', 'partialRight'], function(methodName) {
+      lodash[methodName].placeholder = lodash;
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.drop` and `_.take` variants.
+    arrayEach(['drop', 'take'], function(methodName, index) {
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function(n) {
+        var filtered = this.__filtered__;
+        if (filtered && !index) {
+          return new LazyWrapper(this);
+        }
+        n = n == null ? 1 : nativeMax(nativeFloor(n) || 0, 0);
+
+        var result = this.clone();
+        if (filtered) {
+          result.__takeCount__ = nativeMin(result.__takeCount__, n);
+        } else {
+          result.__views__.push({ 'size': n, 'type': methodName + (result.__dir__ < 0 ? 'Right' : '') });
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName + 'Right'] = function(n) {
+        return this.reverse()[methodName](n).reverse();
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods that accept an `iteratee` value.
+    arrayEach(['filter', 'map', 'takeWhile'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var type = index + 1,
+          isFilter = type != LAZY_MAP_FLAG;
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function(iteratee, thisArg) {
+        var result = this.clone();
+        result.__iteratees__.push({ 'iteratee': getCallback(iteratee, thisArg, 1), 'type': type });
+        result.__filtered__ = result.__filtered__ || isFilter;
+        return result;
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.first` and `_.last`.
+    arrayEach(['first', 'last'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var takeName = 'take' + (index ? 'Right' : '');
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        return this[takeName](1).value()[0];
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.initial` and `_.rest`.
+    arrayEach(['initial', 'rest'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var dropName = 'drop' + (index ? '' : 'Right');
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        return this.__filtered__ ? new LazyWrapper(this) : this[dropName](1);
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods for `_.pluck` and `_.where`.
+    arrayEach(['pluck', 'where'], function(methodName, index) {
+      var operationName = index ? 'filter' : 'map',
+          createCallback = index ? baseMatches : property;
+
+      LazyWrapper.prototype[methodName] = function(value) {
+        return this[operationName](createCallback(value));
+      };
+    });
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.compact = function() {
+      return this.filter(identity);
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.reject = function(predicate, thisArg) {
+      predicate = getCallback(predicate, thisArg, 1);
+      return this.filter(function(value) {
+        return !predicate(value);
+      });
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.slice = function(start, end) {
+      start = start == null ? 0 : (+start || 0);
+
+      var result = this;
+      if (result.__filtered__ && (start > 0 || end < 0)) {
+        return new LazyWrapper(result);
+      }
+      if (start < 0) {
+        result = result.takeRight(-start);
+      } else if (start) {
+        result = result.drop(start);
+      }
+      if (end !== undefined) {
+        end = (+end || 0);
+        result = end < 0 ? result.dropRight(-end) : result.take(end - start);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.takeRightWhile = function(predicate, thisArg) {
+      return this.reverse().takeWhile(predicate, thisArg).reverse();
+    };
+
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.toArray = function() {
+      return this.take(POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+    };
+
+    // Add `LazyWrapper` methods to `lodash.prototype`.
+    baseForOwn(LazyWrapper.prototype, function(func, methodName) {
+      var checkIteratee = /^(?:filter|map|reject)|While$/.test(methodName),
+          retUnwrapped = /^(?:first|last)$/.test(methodName),
+          lodashFunc = lodash[retUnwrapped ? ('take' + (methodName == 'last' ? 'Right' : '')) : methodName];
+
+      if (!lodashFunc) {
+        return;
+      }
+      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = retUnwrapped ? [1] : arguments,
+            chainAll = this.__chain__,
+            value = this.__wrapped__,
+            isHybrid = !!this.__actions__.length,
+            isLazy = value instanceof LazyWrapper,
+            iteratee = args[0],
+            useLazy = isLazy || isArray(value);
+
+        if (useLazy && checkIteratee && typeof iteratee == 'function' && iteratee.length != 1) {
+          // Avoid lazy use if the iteratee has a "length" value other than `1`.
+          isLazy = useLazy = false;
+        }
+        var interceptor = function(value) {
+          return (retUnwrapped && chainAll)
+            ? lodashFunc(value, 1)[0]
+            : lodashFunc.apply(undefined, arrayPush([value], args));
+        };
+
+        var action = { 'func': thru, 'args': [interceptor], 'thisArg': undefined },
+            onlyLazy = isLazy && !isHybrid;
+
+        if (retUnwrapped && !chainAll) {
+          if (onlyLazy) {
+            value = value.clone();
+            value.__actions__.push(action);
+            return func.call(value);
+          }
+          return lodashFunc.call(undefined, this.value())[0];
+        }
+        if (!retUnwrapped && useLazy) {
+          value = onlyLazy ? value : new LazyWrapper(this);
+          var result = func.apply(value, args);
+          result.__actions__.push(action);
+          return new LodashWrapper(result, chainAll);
+        }
+        return this.thru(interceptor);
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Add `Array` and `String` methods to `lodash.prototype`.
+    arrayEach(['join', 'pop', 'push', 'replace', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'split', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
+      var func = (/^(?:replace|split)$/.test(methodName) ? stringProto : arrayProto)[methodName],
+          chainName = /^(?:push|sort|unshift)$/.test(methodName) ? 'tap' : 'thru',
+          retUnwrapped = /^(?:join|pop|replace|shift)$/.test(methodName);
+
+      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = arguments;
+        if (retUnwrapped && !this.__chain__) {
+          return func.apply(this.value(), args);
+        }
+        return this[chainName](function(value) {
+          return func.apply(value, args);
+        });
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Map minified function names to their real names.
+    baseForOwn(LazyWrapper.prototype, function(func, methodName) {
+      var lodashFunc = lodash[methodName];
+      if (lodashFunc) {
+        var key = (lodashFunc.name + ''),
+            names = realNames[key] || (realNames[key] = []);
+
+        names.push({ 'name': methodName, 'func': lodashFunc });
+      }
+    });
+
+    realNames[createHybridWrapper(undefined, BIND_KEY_FLAG).name] = [{ 'name': 'wrapper', 'func': undefined }];
+
+    // Add functions to the lazy wrapper.
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.clone = lazyClone;
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.reverse = lazyReverse;
+    LazyWrapper.prototype.value = lazyValue;
+
+    // Add chaining functions to the `lodash` wrapper.
+    lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
+    lodash.prototype.commit = wrapperCommit;
+    lodash.prototype.concat = wrapperConcat;
+    lodash.prototype.plant = wrapperPlant;
+    lodash.prototype.reverse = wrapperReverse;
+    lodash.prototype.toString = wrapperToString;
+    lodash.prototype.run = lodash.prototype.toJSON = lodash.prototype.valueOf = lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValue;
+
+    // Add function aliases to the `lodash` wrapper.
+    lodash.prototype.collect = lodash.prototype.map;
+    lodash.prototype.head = lodash.prototype.first;
+    lodash.prototype.select = lodash.prototype.filter;
+    lodash.prototype.tail = lodash.prototype.rest;
+
+    return lodash;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // Export lodash.
+  var _ = runInContext();
+
+  // Some AMD build optimizers like r.js check for condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Expose lodash to the global object when an AMD loader is present to avoid
+    // errors in cases where lodash is loaded by a script tag and not intended
+    // as an AMD module. See http://requirejs.org/docs/errors.html#mismatch for
+    // more details.
+    root._ = _;
+
+    // Define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
+    // referenced as the "underscore" module.
+    define(function() {
+      return _;
+    });
+  }
+  // Check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object.
+  else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+    // Export for Node.js or RingoJS.
+    if (moduleExports) {
+      (freeModule.exports = _)._ = _;
+    }
+    // Export for Rhino with CommonJS support.
+    else {
+      freeExports._ = _;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    // Export for a browser or Rhino.
+    root._ = _;
+  }
+}.call(this));
diff --git a/dev/js/lib/platform.js b/dev/js/lib/platform.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..782b185
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/js/lib/platform.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1130 @@
+/*!
+ * Platform.js v1.3.1 <https://mths.be/platform>
+ * Copyright 2014-2016 Benjamin Tan <https://d10.github.io/>
+ * Copyright 2011-2013 John-David Dalton <http://allyoucanleet.com/>
+ * Available under MIT license <https://mths.be/mit>
+ */
+;(function() {
+  'use strict';
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type `Object`. */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true
+  };
+
+  /** Used as a reference to the global object. */
+  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;
+
+  /** Backup possible global object. */
+  var oldRoot = root;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports`. */
+  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module`. */
+  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root`. */
+  var freeGlobal = freeExports && freeModule && typeof global == 'object' && global;
+  if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal)) {
+    root = freeGlobal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used as the maximum length of an array-like object.
+   * See the [ES6 spec](http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-tolength)
+   * for more details.
+   */
+  var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
+
+  /** Regular expression to detect Opera. */
+  var reOpera = /\bOpera/;
+
+  /** Possible global object. */
+  var thisBinding = this;
+
+  /** Used for native method references. */
+  var objectProto = Object.prototype;
+
+  /** Used to check for own properties of an object. */
+  var hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  /** Used to resolve the internal `[[Class]]` of values. */
+  var toString = objectProto.toString;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Capitalizes a string value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to capitalize.
+   * @returns {string} The capitalized string.
+   */
+  function capitalize(string) {
+    string = String(string);
+    return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A utility function to clean up the OS name.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} os The OS name to clean up.
+   * @param {string} [pattern] A `RegExp` pattern matching the OS name.
+   * @param {string} [label] A label for the OS.
+   */
+  function cleanupOS(os, pattern, label) {
+    // Platform tokens are defined at:
+    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537503(VS.85).aspx
+    // http://web.archive.org/web/20081122053950/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537503(VS.85).aspx
+    var data = {
+      '10.0': '10',
+      '6.4':  '10 Technical Preview',
+      '6.3':  '8.1',
+      '6.2':  '8',
+      '6.1':  '7 / Server 2008 R2',
+      '6.0':  'Vista / Server 2008',
+      '5.2':  'XP 64-bit / Server 2003',
+      '5.1':  'XP',
+      '5.01': '2000 SP1',
+      '5.0':  '2000',
+      '4.0':  'NT',
+      '4.90': 'ME'
+    };
+    // Detect Windows version from platform tokens.
+    if (pattern && label && /^Win/i.test(os) && !/^Windows Phone /i.test(os) &&
+        (data = data[/[\d.]+$/.exec(os)])) {
+      os = 'Windows ' + data;
+    }
+    // Correct character case and cleanup string.
+    os = String(os);
+
+    if (pattern && label) {
+      os = os.replace(RegExp(pattern, 'i'), label);
+    }
+
+    os = format(
+      os.replace(/ ce$/i, ' CE')
+        .replace(/\bhpw/i, 'web')
+        .replace(/\bMacintosh\b/, 'Mac OS')
+        .replace(/_PowerPC\b/i, ' OS')
+        .replace(/\b(OS X) [^ \d]+/i, '$1')
+        .replace(/\bMac (OS X)\b/, '$1')
+        .replace(/\/(\d)/, ' $1')
+        .replace(/_/g, '.')
+        .replace(/(?: BePC|[ .]*fc[ \d.]+)$/i, '')
+        .replace(/\bx86\.64\b/gi, 'x86_64')
+        .replace(/\b(Windows Phone) OS\b/, '$1')
+        .replace(/\b(Chrome OS \w+) [\d.]+\b/, '$1')
+        .split(' on ')[0]
+    );
+
+    return os;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * An iteration utility for arrays and objects.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array|Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   */
+  function each(object, callback) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = object ? object.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger) {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        callback(object[index], index, object);
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(object, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Trim and conditionally capitalize string values.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to format.
+   * @returns {string} The formatted string.
+   */
+  function format(string) {
+    string = trim(string);
+    return /^(?:webOS|i(?:OS|P))/.test(string)
+      ? string
+      : capitalize(string);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over an object's own properties, executing the `callback` for each.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function executed per own property.
+   */
+  function forOwn(object, callback) {
+    for (var key in object) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)) {
+        callback(object[key], key, object);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the internal `[[Class]]` of a value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} value The value.
+   * @returns {string} The `[[Class]]`.
+   */
+  function getClassOf(value) {
+    return value == null
+      ? capitalize(value)
+      : toString.call(value).slice(8, -1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Host objects can return type values that are different from their actual
+   * data type. The objects we are concerned with usually return non-primitive
+   * types of "object", "function", or "unknown".
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {*} object The owner of the property.
+   * @param {string} property The property to check.
+   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the property value is a non-primitive, else `false`.
+   */
+  function isHostType(object, property) {
+    var type = object != null ? typeof object[property] : 'number';
+    return !/^(?:boolean|number|string|undefined)$/.test(type) &&
+      (type == 'object' ? !!object[property] : true);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prepares a string for use in a `RegExp` by making hyphens and spaces optional.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to qualify.
+   * @returns {string} The qualified string.
+   */
+  function qualify(string) {
+    return String(string).replace(/([ -])(?!$)/g, '$1?');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A bare-bones `Array#reduce` like utility function.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @returns {*} The accumulated result.
+   */
+  function reduce(array, callback) {
+    var accumulator = null;
+    each(array, function(value, index) {
+      accumulator = callback(accumulator, value, index, array);
+    });
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes leading and trailing whitespace from a string.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {string} string The string to trim.
+   * @returns {string} The trimmed string.
+   */
+  function trim(string) {
+    return String(string).replace(/^ +| +$/g, '');
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new platform object.
+   *
+   * @memberOf platform
+   * @param {Object|string} [ua=navigator.userAgent] The user agent string or
+   *  context object.
+   * @returns {Object} A platform object.
+   */
+  function parse(ua) {
+
+    /** The environment context object. */
+    var context = root;
+
+    /** Used to flag when a custom context is provided. */
+    var isCustomContext = ua && typeof ua == 'object' && getClassOf(ua) != 'String';
+
+    // Juggle arguments.
+    if (isCustomContext) {
+      context = ua;
+      ua = null;
+    }
+
+    /** Browser navigator object. */
+    var nav = context.navigator || {};
+
+    /** Browser user agent string. */
+    var userAgent = nav.userAgent || '';
+
+    ua || (ua = userAgent);
+
+    /** Used to flag when `thisBinding` is the [ModuleScope]. */
+    var isModuleScope = isCustomContext || thisBinding == oldRoot;
+
+    /** Used to detect if browser is like Chrome. */
+    var likeChrome = isCustomContext
+      ? !!nav.likeChrome
+      : /\bChrome\b/.test(ua) && !/internal|\n/i.test(toString.toString());
+
+    /** Internal `[[Class]]` value shortcuts. */
+    var objectClass = 'Object',
+        airRuntimeClass = isCustomContext ? objectClass : 'ScriptBridgingProxyObject',
+        enviroClass = isCustomContext ? objectClass : 'Environment',
+        javaClass = (isCustomContext && context.java) ? 'JavaPackage' : getClassOf(context.java),
+        phantomClass = isCustomContext ? objectClass : 'RuntimeObject';
+
+    /** Detect Java environments. */
+    var java = /\bJava/.test(javaClass) && context.java;
+
+    /** Detect Rhino. */
+    var rhino = java && getClassOf(context.environment) == enviroClass;
+
+    /** A character to represent alpha. */
+    var alpha = java ? 'a' : '\u03b1';
+
+    /** A character to represent beta. */
+    var beta = java ? 'b' : '\u03b2';
+
+    /** Browser document object. */
+    var doc = context.document || {};
+
+    /**
+     * Detect Opera browser (Presto-based).
+     * http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/operaStuff/operaObject.html
+     * http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/opera-mini-web-content-authoring-guidelines/#operamini
+     */
+    var opera = context.operamini || context.opera;
+
+    /** Opera `[[Class]]`. */
+    var operaClass = reOpera.test(operaClass = (isCustomContext && opera) ? opera['[[Class]]'] : getClassOf(opera))
+      ? operaClass
+      : (opera = null);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /** Temporary variable used over the script's lifetime. */
+    var data;
+
+    /** The CPU architecture. */
+    var arch = ua;
+
+    /** Platform description array. */
+    var description = [];
+
+    /** Platform alpha/beta indicator. */
+    var prerelease = null;
+
+    /** A flag to indicate that environment features should be used to resolve the platform. */
+    var useFeatures = ua == userAgent;
+
+    /** The browser/environment version. */
+    var version = useFeatures && opera && typeof opera.version == 'function' && opera.version();
+
+    /** A flag to indicate if the OS begins with "Name Version /". */
+    var isSpecialCasedOS;
+
+    /* Detectable layout engines (order is important). */
+    var layout = getLayout([
+      { 'label': 'EdgeHTML', 'pattern': 'Edge' },
+      'Trident',
+      { 'label': 'WebKit', 'pattern': 'AppleWebKit' },
+      'iCab',
+      'Presto',
+      'NetFront',
+      'Tasman',
+      'KHTML',
+      'Gecko'
+    ]);
+
+    /* Detectable browser names (order is important). */
+    var name = getName([
+      'Adobe AIR',
+      'Arora',
+      'Avant Browser',
+      'Breach',
+      'Camino',
+      'Epiphany',
+      'Fennec',
+      'Flock',
+      'Galeon',
+      'GreenBrowser',
+      'iCab',
+      'Iceweasel',
+      'K-Meleon',
+      'Konqueror',
+      'Lunascape',
+      'Maxthon',
+      { 'label': 'Microsoft Edge', 'pattern': 'Edge' },
+      'Midori',
+      'Nook Browser',
+      'PaleMoon',
+      'PhantomJS',
+      'Raven',
+      'Rekonq',
+      'RockMelt',
+      'SeaMonkey',
+      { 'label': 'Silk', 'pattern': '(?:Cloud9|Silk-Accelerated)' },
+      'Sleipnir',
+      'SlimBrowser',
+      { 'label': 'SRWare Iron', 'pattern': 'Iron' },
+      'Sunrise',
+      'Swiftfox',
+      'WebPositive',
+      'Opera Mini',
+      { 'label': 'Opera Mini', 'pattern': 'OPiOS' },
+      'Opera',
+      { 'label': 'Opera', 'pattern': 'OPR' },
+      'Chrome',
+      { 'label': 'Chrome Mobile', 'pattern': '(?:CriOS|CrMo)' },
+      { 'label': 'Firefox', 'pattern': '(?:Firefox|Minefield)' },
+      { 'label': 'Firefox Mobile', 'pattern': 'FxiOS' },
+      { 'label': 'IE', 'pattern': 'IEMobile' },
+      { 'label': 'IE', 'pattern': 'MSIE' },
+      'Safari'
+    ]);
+
+    /* Detectable products (order is important). */
+    var product = getProduct([
+      { 'label': 'BlackBerry', 'pattern': 'BB10' },
+      'BlackBerry',
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S', 'pattern': 'GT-I9000' },
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S2', 'pattern': 'GT-I9100' },
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S3', 'pattern': 'GT-I9300' },
+      { 'label': 'Galaxy S4', 'pattern': 'GT-I9500' },
+      'Google TV',
+      'Lumia',
+      'iPad',
+      'iPod',
+      'iPhone',
+      'Kindle',
+      { 'label': 'Kindle Fire', 'pattern': '(?:Cloud9|Silk-Accelerated)' },
+      'Nexus',
+      'Nook',
+      'PlayBook',
+      'PlayStation 3',
+      'PlayStation 4',
+      'PlayStation Vita',
+      'TouchPad',
+      'Transformer',
+      { 'label': 'Wii U', 'pattern': 'WiiU' },
+      'Wii',
+      'Xbox One',
+      { 'label': 'Xbox 360', 'pattern': 'Xbox' },
+      'Xoom'
+    ]);
+
+    /* Detectable manufacturers. */
+    var manufacturer = getManufacturer({
+      'Apple': { 'iPad': 1, 'iPhone': 1, 'iPod': 1 },
+      'Amazon': { 'Kindle': 1, 'Kindle Fire': 1 },
+      'Asus': { 'Transformer': 1 },
+      'Barnes & Noble': { 'Nook': 1 },
+      'BlackBerry': { 'PlayBook': 1 },
+      'Google': { 'Google TV': 1, 'Nexus': 1 },
+      'HP': { 'TouchPad': 1 },
+      'HTC': {},
+      'LG': {},
+      'Microsoft': { 'Xbox': 1, 'Xbox One': 1 },
+      'Motorola': { 'Xoom': 1 },
+      'Nintendo': { 'Wii U': 1,  'Wii': 1 },
+      'Nokia': { 'Lumia': 1 },
+      'Samsung': { 'Galaxy S': 1, 'Galaxy S2': 1, 'Galaxy S3': 1, 'Galaxy S4': 1 },
+      'Sony': { 'PlayStation 4': 1, 'PlayStation 3': 1, 'PlayStation Vita': 1 }
+    });
+
+    /* Detectable operating systems (order is important). */
+    var os = getOS([
+      'Windows Phone ',
+      'Android',
+      'CentOS',
+      { 'label': 'Chrome OS', 'pattern': 'CrOS' },
+      'Debian',
+      'Fedora',
+      'FreeBSD',
+      'Gentoo',
+      'Haiku',
+      'Kubuntu',
+      'Linux Mint',
+      'OpenBSD',
+      'Red Hat',
+      'SuSE',
+      'Ubuntu',
+      'Xubuntu',
+      'Cygwin',
+      'Symbian OS',
+      'hpwOS',
+      'webOS ',
+      'webOS',
+      'Tablet OS',
+      'Linux',
+      'Mac OS X',
+      'Macintosh',
+      'Mac',
+      'Windows 98;',
+      'Windows '
+    ]);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the layout engine from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected layout engine.
+     */
+    function getLayout(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        return result || RegExp('\\b' + (
+          guess.pattern || qualify(guess)
+        ) + '\\b', 'i').exec(ua) && (guess.label || guess);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the manufacturer from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An object of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected manufacturer.
+     */
+    function getManufacturer(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, value, key) {
+        // Lookup the manufacturer by product or scan the UA for the manufacturer.
+        return result || (
+          value[product] ||
+          value[/^[a-z]+(?: +[a-z]+\b)*/i.exec(product)] ||
+          RegExp('\\b' + qualify(key) + '(?:\\b|\\w*\\d)', 'i').exec(ua)
+        ) && key;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the browser name from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected browser name.
+     */
+    function getName(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        return result || RegExp('\\b' + (
+          guess.pattern || qualify(guess)
+        ) + '\\b', 'i').exec(ua) && (guess.label || guess);
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the OS name from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected OS name.
+     */
+    function getOS(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        var pattern = guess.pattern || qualify(guess);
+        if (!result && (result =
+              RegExp('\\b' + pattern + '(?:/[\\d.]+|[ \\w.]*)', 'i').exec(ua)
+            )) {
+          result = cleanupOS(result, pattern, guess.label || guess);
+        }
+        return result;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks the product name from an array of guesses.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} guesses An array of guesses.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected product name.
+     */
+    function getProduct(guesses) {
+      return reduce(guesses, function(result, guess) {
+        var pattern = guess.pattern || qualify(guess);
+        if (!result && (result =
+              RegExp('\\b' + pattern + ' *\\d+[.\\w_]*', 'i').exec(ua) ||
+              RegExp('\\b' + pattern + '(?:; *(?:[a-z]+[_-])?[a-z]+\\d+|[^ ();-]*)', 'i').exec(ua)
+            )) {
+          // Split by forward slash and append product version if needed.
+          if ((result = String((guess.label && !RegExp(pattern, 'i').test(guess.label)) ? guess.label : result).split('/'))[1] && !/[\d.]+/.test(result[0])) {
+            result[0] += ' ' + result[1];
+          }
+          // Correct character case and cleanup string.
+          guess = guess.label || guess;
+          result = format(result[0]
+            .replace(RegExp(pattern, 'i'), guess)
+            .replace(RegExp('; *(?:' + guess + '[_-])?', 'i'), ' ')
+            .replace(RegExp('(' + guess + ')[-_.]?(\\w)', 'i'), '$1 $2'));
+        }
+        return result;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the version using an array of UA patterns.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @param {Array} patterns An array of UA patterns.
+     * @returns {null|string} The detected version.
+     */
+    function getVersion(patterns) {
+      return reduce(patterns, function(result, pattern) {
+        return result || (RegExp(pattern +
+          '(?:-[\\d.]+/|(?: for [\\w-]+)?[ /-])([\\d.]+[^ ();/_-]*)', 'i').exec(ua) || 0)[1] || null;
+      });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns `platform.description` when the platform object is coerced to a string.
+     *
+     * @name toString
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @returns {string} Returns `platform.description` if available, else an empty string.
+     */
+    function toStringPlatform() {
+      return this.description || '';
+    }
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    // Convert layout to an array so we can add extra details.
+    layout && (layout = [layout]);
+
+    // Detect product names that contain their manufacturer's name.
+    if (manufacturer && !product) {
+      product = getProduct([manufacturer]);
+    }
+    // Clean up Google TV.
+    if ((data = /\bGoogle TV\b/.exec(product))) {
+      product = data[0];
+    }
+    // Detect simulators.
+    if (/\bSimulator\b/i.test(ua)) {
+      product = (product ? product + ' ' : '') + 'Simulator';
+    }
+    // Detect Opera Mini 8+ running in Turbo/Uncompressed mode on iOS.
+    if (name == 'Opera Mini' && /\bOPiOS\b/.test(ua)) {
+      description.push('running in Turbo/Uncompressed mode');
+    }
+    // Detect iOS.
+    if (/^iP/.test(product)) {
+      name || (name = 'Safari');
+      os = 'iOS' + ((data = / OS ([\d_]+)/i.exec(ua))
+        ? ' ' + data[1].replace(/_/g, '.')
+        : '');
+    }
+    // Detect Kubuntu.
+    else if (name == 'Konqueror' && !/buntu/i.test(os)) {
+      os = 'Kubuntu';
+    }
+    // Detect Android browsers.
+    else if (manufacturer && manufacturer != 'Google' &&
+        ((/Chrome/.test(name) && !/\bMobile Safari\b/i.test(ua)) || /\bVita\b/.test(product))) {
+      name = 'Android Browser';
+      os = /\bAndroid\b/.test(os) ? os : 'Android';
+    }
+    // Detect Silk desktop/accelerated modes.
+    else if (name == 'Silk') {
+      if (!/\bMobi/i.test(ua)) {
+        os = 'Android';
+        description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      }
+      if (/Accelerated *= *true/i.test(ua)) {
+        description.unshift('accelerated');
+      }
+    }
+    // Detect PaleMoon identifying as Firefox.
+    else if (name == 'PaleMoon' && (data = /\bFirefox\/([\d.]+)\b/.exec(ua))) {
+      description.push('identifying as Firefox ' + data[1]);
+    }
+    // Detect Firefox OS and products running Firefox.
+    else if (name == 'Firefox' && (data = /\b(Mobile|Tablet|TV)\b/i.exec(ua))) {
+      os || (os = 'Firefox OS');
+      product || (product = data[1]);
+    }
+    // Detect false positives for Firefox/Safari.
+    else if (!name || (data = !/\bMinefield\b/i.test(ua) && /\b(?:Firefox|Safari)\b/.exec(name))) {
+      // Escape the `/` for Firefox 1.
+      if (name && !product && /[\/,]|^[^(]+?\)/.test(ua.slice(ua.indexOf(data + '/') + 8))) {
+        // Clear name of false positives.
+        name = null;
+      }
+      // Reassign a generic name.
+      if ((data = product || manufacturer || os) &&
+          (product || manufacturer || /\b(?:Android|Symbian OS|Tablet OS|webOS)\b/.test(os))) {
+        name = /[a-z]+(?: Hat)?/i.exec(/\bAndroid\b/.test(os) ? os : data) + ' Browser';
+      }
+    }
+    // Detect non-Opera (Presto-based) versions (order is important).
+    if (!version) {
+      version = getVersion([
+        '(?:Cloud9|CriOS|CrMo|Edge|FxiOS|IEMobile|Iron|Opera ?Mini|OPiOS|OPR|Raven|Silk(?!/[\\d.]+$))',
+        'Version',
+        qualify(name),
+        '(?:Firefox|Minefield|NetFront)'
+      ]);
+    }
+    // Detect stubborn layout engines.
+    if ((data =
+          layout == 'iCab' && parseFloat(version) > 3 && 'WebKit' ||
+          /\bOpera\b/.test(name) && (/\bOPR\b/.test(ua) ? 'Blink' : 'Presto') ||
+          /\b(?:Midori|Nook|Safari)\b/i.test(ua) && !/^(?:Trident|EdgeHTML)$/.test(layout) && 'WebKit' ||
+          !layout && /\bMSIE\b/i.test(ua) && (os == 'Mac OS' ? 'Tasman' : 'Trident') ||
+          layout == 'WebKit' && /\bPlayStation\b(?! Vita\b)/i.test(name) && 'NetFront'
+        )) {
+      layout = [data];
+    }
+    // Detect Windows Phone 7 desktop mode.
+    if (name == 'IE' && (data = (/; *(?:XBLWP|ZuneWP)(\d+)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1])) {
+      name += ' Mobile';
+      os = 'Windows Phone ' + (/\+$/.test(data) ? data : data + '.x');
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+    }
+    // Detect Windows Phone 8.x desktop mode.
+    else if (/\bWPDesktop\b/i.test(ua)) {
+      name = 'IE Mobile';
+      os = 'Windows Phone 8.x';
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      version || (version = (/\brv:([\d.]+)/.exec(ua) || 0)[1]);
+    }
+    // Detect IE 11.
+    else if (name != 'IE' && layout == 'Trident' && (data = /\brv:([\d.]+)/.exec(ua))) {
+      if (name) {
+        description.push('identifying as ' + name + (version ? ' ' + version : ''));
+      }
+      name = 'IE';
+      version = data[1];
+    }
+    // Leverage environment features.
+    if (useFeatures) {
+      // Detect server-side environments.
+      // Rhino has a global function while others have a global object.
+      if (isHostType(context, 'global')) {
+        if (java) {
+          data = java.lang.System;
+          arch = data.getProperty('os.arch');
+          os = os || data.getProperty('os.name') + ' ' + data.getProperty('os.version');
+        }
+        if (isModuleScope && isHostType(context, 'system') && (data = [context.system])[0]) {
+          os || (os = data[0].os || null);
+          try {
+            data[1] = context.require('ringo/engine').version;
+            version = data[1].join('.');
+            name = 'RingoJS';
+          } catch(e) {
+            if (data[0].global.system == context.system) {
+              name = 'Narwhal';
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        else if (typeof context.process == 'object' && (data = context.process)) {
+          name = 'Node.js';
+          arch = data.arch;
+          os = data.platform;
+          version = /[\d.]+/.exec(data.version)[0];
+        }
+        else if (rhino) {
+          name = 'Rhino';
+        }
+      }
+      // Detect Adobe AIR.
+      else if (getClassOf((data = context.runtime)) == airRuntimeClass) {
+        name = 'Adobe AIR';
+        os = data.flash.system.Capabilities.os;
+      }
+      // Detect PhantomJS.
+      else if (getClassOf((data = context.phantom)) == phantomClass) {
+        name = 'PhantomJS';
+        version = (data = data.version || null) && (data.major + '.' + data.minor + '.' + data.patch);
+      }
+      // Detect IE compatibility modes.
+      else if (typeof doc.documentMode == 'number' && (data = /\bTrident\/(\d+)/i.exec(ua))) {
+        // We're in compatibility mode when the Trident version + 4 doesn't
+        // equal the document mode.
+        version = [version, doc.documentMode];
+        if ((data = +data[1] + 4) != version[1]) {
+          description.push('IE ' + version[1] + ' mode');
+          layout && (layout[1] = '');
+          version[1] = data;
+        }
+        version = name == 'IE' ? String(version[1].toFixed(1)) : version[0];
+      }
+      os = os && format(os);
+    }
+    // Detect prerelease phases.
+    if (version && (data =
+          /(?:[ab]|dp|pre|[ab]\d+pre)(?:\d+\+?)?$/i.exec(version) ||
+          /(?:alpha|beta)(?: ?\d)?/i.exec(ua + ';' + (useFeatures && nav.appMinorVersion)) ||
+          /\bMinefield\b/i.test(ua) && 'a'
+        )) {
+      prerelease = /b/i.test(data) ? 'beta' : 'alpha';
+      version = version.replace(RegExp(data + '\\+?$'), '') +
+        (prerelease == 'beta' ? beta : alpha) + (/\d+\+?/.exec(data) || '');
+    }
+    // Detect Firefox Mobile.
+    if (name == 'Fennec' || name == 'Firefox' && /\b(?:Android|Firefox OS)\b/.test(os)) {
+      name = 'Firefox Mobile';
+    }
+    // Obscure Maxthon's unreliable version.
+    else if (name == 'Maxthon' && version) {
+      version = version.replace(/\.[\d.]+/, '.x');
+    }
+    // Detect Xbox 360 and Xbox One.
+    else if (/\bXbox\b/i.test(product)) {
+      os = null;
+      if (product == 'Xbox 360' && /\bIEMobile\b/.test(ua)) {
+        description.unshift('mobile mode');
+      }
+    }
+    // Add mobile postfix.
+    else if ((/^(?:Chrome|IE|Opera)$/.test(name) || name && !product && !/Browser|Mobi/.test(name)) &&
+        (os == 'Windows CE' || /Mobi/i.test(ua))) {
+      name += ' Mobile';
+    }
+    // Detect IE platform preview.
+    else if (name == 'IE' && useFeatures && context.external === null) {
+      description.unshift('platform preview');
+    }
+    // Detect BlackBerry OS version.
+    // http://docs.blackberry.com/en/developers/deliverables/18169/HTTP_headers_sent_by_BB_Browser_1234911_11.jsp
+    else if ((/\bBlackBerry\b/.test(product) || /\bBB10\b/.test(ua)) && (data =
+          (RegExp(product.replace(/ +/g, ' *') + '/([.\\d]+)', 'i').exec(ua) || 0)[1] ||
+          version
+        )) {
+      data = [data, /BB10/.test(ua)];
+      os = (data[1] ? (product = null, manufacturer = 'BlackBerry') : 'Device Software') + ' ' + data[0];
+      version = null;
+    }
+    // Detect Opera identifying/masking itself as another browser.
+    // http://www.opera.com/support/kb/view/843/
+    else if (this != forOwn && product != 'Wii' && (
+          (useFeatures && opera) ||
+          (/Opera/.test(name) && /\b(?:MSIE|Firefox)\b/i.test(ua)) ||
+          (name == 'Firefox' && /\bOS X (?:\d+\.){2,}/.test(os)) ||
+          (name == 'IE' && (
+            (os && !/^Win/.test(os) && version > 5.5) ||
+            /\bWindows XP\b/.test(os) && version > 8 ||
+            version == 8 && !/\bTrident\b/.test(ua)
+          ))
+        ) && !reOpera.test((data = parse.call(forOwn, ua.replace(reOpera, '') + ';'))) && data.name) {
+      // When "identifying", the UA contains both Opera and the other browser's name.
+      data = 'ing as ' + data.name + ((data = data.version) ? ' ' + data : '');
+      if (reOpera.test(name)) {
+        if (/\bIE\b/.test(data) && os == 'Mac OS') {
+          os = null;
+        }
+        data = 'identify' + data;
+      }
+      // When "masking", the UA contains only the other browser's name.
+      else {
+        data = 'mask' + data;
+        if (operaClass) {
+          name = format(operaClass.replace(/([a-z])([A-Z])/g, '$1 $2'));
+        } else {
+          name = 'Opera';
+        }
+        if (/\bIE\b/.test(data)) {
+          os = null;
+        }
+        if (!useFeatures) {
+          version = null;
+        }
+      }
+      layout = ['Presto'];
+      description.push(data);
+    }
+    // Detect WebKit Nightly and approximate Chrome/Safari versions.
+    if ((data = (/\bAppleWebKit\/([\d.]+\+?)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1])) {
+      // Correct build number for numeric comparison.
+      // (e.g. "532.5" becomes "532.05")
+      data = [parseFloat(data.replace(/\.(\d)$/, '.0$1')), data];
+      // Nightly builds are postfixed with a "+".
+      if (name == 'Safari' && data[1].slice(-1) == '+') {
+        name = 'WebKit Nightly';
+        prerelease = 'alpha';
+        version = data[1].slice(0, -1);
+      }
+      // Clear incorrect browser versions.
+      else if (version == data[1] ||
+          version == (data[2] = (/\bSafari\/([\d.]+\+?)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1])) {
+        version = null;
+      }
+      // Use the full Chrome version when available.
+      data[1] = (/\bChrome\/([\d.]+)/i.exec(ua) || 0)[1];
+      // Detect Blink layout engine.
+      if (data[0] == 537.36 && data[2] == 537.36 && parseFloat(data[1]) >= 28 && layout == 'WebKit') {
+        layout = ['Blink'];
+      }
+      // Detect JavaScriptCore.
+      // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6768474/how-can-i-detect-which-javascript-engine-v8-or-jsc-is-used-at-runtime-in-androi
+      if (!useFeatures || (!likeChrome && !data[1])) {
+        layout && (layout[1] = 'like Safari');
+        data = (data = data[0], data < 400 ? 1 : data < 500 ? 2 : data < 526 ? 3 : data < 533 ? 4 : data < 534 ? '4+' : data < 535 ? 5 : data < 537 ? 6 : data < 538 ? 7 : data < 601 ? 8 : '8');
+      } else {
+        layout && (layout[1] = 'like Chrome');
+        data = data[1] || (data = data[0], data < 530 ? 1 : data < 532 ? 2 : data < 532.05 ? 3 : data < 533 ? 4 : data < 534.03 ? 5 : data < 534.07 ? 6 : data < 534.10 ? 7 : data < 534.13 ? 8 : data < 534.16 ? 9 : data < 534.24 ? 10 : data < 534.30 ? 11 : data < 535.01 ? 12 : data < 535.02 ? '13+' : data < 535.07 ? 15 : data < 535.11 ? 16 : data < 535.19 ? 17 : data < 536.05 ? 18 : data < 536.10 ? 19 : data < 537.01 ? 20 : data < 537.11 ? '21+' : data < 537.13 ? 23 : data < 537.18 ? 24 : data < 537.24 ? 25 : data < 537.36 ? 26 : layout != 'Blink' ? '27' : '28');
+      }
+      // Add the postfix of ".x" or "+" for approximate versions.
+      layout && (layout[1] += ' ' + (data += typeof data == 'number' ? '.x' : /[.+]/.test(data) ? '' : '+'));
+      // Obscure version for some Safari 1-2 releases.
+      if (name == 'Safari' && (!version || parseInt(version) > 45)) {
+        version = data;
+      }
+    }
+    // Detect Opera desktop modes.
+    if (name == 'Opera' &&  (data = /\bzbov|zvav$/.exec(os))) {
+      name += ' ';
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      if (data == 'zvav') {
+        name += 'Mini';
+        version = null;
+      } else {
+        name += 'Mobile';
+      }
+      os = os.replace(RegExp(' *' + data + '$'), '');
+    }
+    // Detect Chrome desktop mode.
+    else if (name == 'Safari' && /\bChrome\b/.exec(layout && layout[1])) {
+      description.unshift('desktop mode');
+      name = 'Chrome Mobile';
+      version = null;
+
+      if (/\bOS X\b/.test(os)) {
+        manufacturer = 'Apple';
+        os = 'iOS 4.3+';
+      } else {
+        os = null;
+      }
+    }
+    // Strip incorrect OS versions.
+    if (version && version.indexOf((data = /[\d.]+$/.exec(os))) == 0 &&
+        ua.indexOf('/' + data + '-') > -1) {
+      os = trim(os.replace(data, ''));
+    }
+    // Add layout engine.
+    if (layout && !/\b(?:Avant|Nook)\b/.test(name) && (
+        /Browser|Lunascape|Maxthon/.test(name) ||
+        name != 'Safari' && /^iOS/.test(os) && /\bSafari\b/.test(layout[1]) ||
+        /^(?:Adobe|Arora|Breach|Midori|Opera|Phantom|Rekonq|Rock|Sleipnir|Web)/.test(name) && layout[1])) {
+      // Don't add layout details to description if they are falsey.
+      (data = layout[layout.length - 1]) && description.push(data);
+    }
+    // Combine contextual information.
+    if (description.length) {
+      description = ['(' + description.join('; ') + ')'];
+    }
+    // Append manufacturer to description.
+    if (manufacturer && product && product.indexOf(manufacturer) < 0) {
+      description.push('on ' + manufacturer);
+    }
+    // Append product to description.
+    if (product) {
+      description.push((/^on /.test(description[description.length - 1]) ? '' : 'on ') + product);
+    }
+    // Parse the OS into an object.
+    if (os) {
+      data =
+        / ([\d.+]+)$/.exec(os) ||
+        (isSpecialCasedOS = /^[a-z]+ ([\d.+]+) \//i.exec(os));
+      os = {
+        'architecture': 32,
+        'family': (data && !isSpecialCasedOS) ? os.replace(data[0], '') : os,
+        'version': data ? data[1] : null,
+        'toString': function() {
+          var version = this.version;
+          return this.family + ((version && !isSpecialCasedOS) ? ' ' + version : '') + (this.architecture == 64 ? ' 64-bit' : '');
+        }
+      };
+    }
+    // Add browser/OS architecture.
+    if ((data = /\b(?:AMD|IA|Win|WOW|x86_|x)64\b/i.exec(arch)) && !/\bi686\b/i.test(arch)) {
+      if (os) {
+        os.architecture = 64;
+        os.family = os.family.replace(RegExp(' *' + data), '');
+      }
+      if (
+          name && (/\bWOW64\b/i.test(ua) ||
+          (useFeatures && /\w(?:86|32)$/.test(nav.cpuClass || nav.platform) && !/\bWin64; x64\b/i.test(ua)))
+      ) {
+        description.unshift('32-bit');
+      }
+    }
+
+    ua || (ua = null);
+
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    /**
+     * The platform object.
+     *
+     * @name platform
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    var platform = {};
+
+    /**
+     * The platform description.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.description = ua;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the browser's layout engine.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.layout = layout && layout[0];
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the product's manufacturer.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.manufacturer = manufacturer;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the browser/environment.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.name = name;
+
+    /**
+     * The alpha/beta release indicator.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.prerelease = prerelease;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the product hosting the browser.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.product = product;
+
+    /**
+     * The browser's user agent string.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.ua = ua;
+
+    /**
+     * The browser/environment version.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type string|null
+     */
+    platform.version = name && version;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the operating system.
+     *
+     * @memberOf platform
+     * @type Object
+     */
+    platform.os = os || {
+
+      /**
+       * The CPU architecture the OS is built for.
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @type number|null
+       */
+      'architecture': null,
+
+      /**
+       * The family of the OS.
+       *
+       * Common values include:
+       * "Windows", "Windows 7 / Server 2008 R2", "Windows Vista / Server 2008",
+       * "Windows XP", "OS X", "Ubuntu", "Debian", "Fedora", "Red Hat", "SuSE",
+       * "Android", "iOS" and "Windows Phone"
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @type string|null
+       */
+      'family': null,
+
+      /**
+       * The version of the OS.
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @type string|null
+       */
+      'version': null,
+
+      /**
+       * Returns the OS string.
+       *
+       * @memberOf platform.os
+       * @returns {string} The OS string.
+       */
+      'toString': function() { return 'null'; }
+    };
+
+    platform.parse = parse;
+    platform.toString = toStringPlatform;
+
+    if (platform.version) {
+      description.unshift(version);
+    }
+    if (platform.name) {
+      description.unshift(name);
+    }
+    if (os && name && !(os == String(os).split(' ')[0] && (os == name.split(' ')[0] || product))) {
+      description.push(product ? '(' + os + ')' : 'on ' + os);
+    }
+    if (description.length) {
+      platform.description = description.join(' ');
+    }
+    return platform;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // Export platform.
+  // Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Define as an anonymous module so platform can be aliased through path mapping.
+    define(function() {
+      return parse();
+    });
+  }
+  // Check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object.
+  else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+    // Export for CommonJS support.
+    forOwn(parse(), function(value, key) {
+      freeExports[key] = value;
+    });
+  }
+  else {
+    // Export to the global object.
+    root.platform = parse();
+  }
+}.call(this));
diff --git a/dev/js/runner/benchmark.html b/dev/js/runner/benchmark.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c2cc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/js/runner/benchmark.html
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title>Benchmark Runner for Kalamar</title>
+  <script src="../lib/lodash.js" async="async"></script>
+  <script src="../lib/platform.js" async="async"></script>
+  <script src="../lib/benchmark.js"></script>
+  <script src="../lib/require.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <textarea style="width: 100%; height: 200px">
+    (Comparation ndiewald)
+Menu#creation x 594 ops/sec ±9.90% (11 runs sampled)
+Menu#next x 21,517 ops/sec ±11.64% (14 runs sampled)
+Menu#prev x 15,666 ops/sec ±9.61% (11 runs sampled)
+Menu#paging x 5,005 ops/sec ±1.59% (13 runs sampled)
+Menu#prefix x 952 ops/sec ±14.86% (13 runs sampled)
+  </textarea>
+</body>
+  <script>
+    require.config({
+      baseUrl: "../src",
+      paths: {
+        "lib" : "../lib",
+        "bench" : "../bench"
+      }
+    });
+
+    require([
+    'lib/domReady!',
+    'menu',
+    'bench/benchmark'
+    ],function (undefined, menuClass, benchObj) {
+      console.log("start");
+      benchObj.menuSuite(menuClass).run();
+      console.log("end");
+    });
+
+  </script>
+
+
+</html>
diff --git a/dev/js/spec/menuSpec.js b/dev/js/spec/menuSpec.js
index e19122a..ba6f1fd 100644
--- a/dev/js/spec/menuSpec.js
+++ b/dev/js/spec/menuSpec.js
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@
 
   // The OwnMenu
   KorAP.OwnMenu = {
-    create : function (params) {
+    create : function (list) {
       return Object.create(menuClass)
 	.upgradeTo(KorAP.OwnMenu)
-	._init(KorAP.OwnMenuItem, undefined, undefined, params);
+	._init(list, { itemClass : KorAP.OwnMenuItem });
     }
   };
 
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@
 
   // HintMenu
   KorAP.HintMenu = {
-    create : function (context, params) {
+    create : function (context, list) {
       var obj = Object.create(menuClass)
 	.upgradeTo(KorAP.HintMenu)
-	._init(KorAP.HintMenuItem, undefined, undefined, params);
+	._init(list, {itemClass : KorAP.HintMenuItem});
       obj._context = context;
       return obj;
     }
@@ -1720,4 +1720,34 @@
       expect(menu.shownItem(2).active()).toBe(false);
     });
   });
+
+  describe('KorAP.MenuBenchmark', function () {
+    var menu = menuClass.create([
+      ['Titel', 'title'],
+      ['Untertitel', 'subTitle'],
+      ['Veröffentlichungsdatum', 'pubDate'],
+      ['Länge', 'length'],
+      ['Autor', 'author']
+    ]);
+
+    menu.limit(3).show();
+
+    // Some actions
+    menu.next();
+    menu.next();
+    menu.prev();
+    menu.prev();
+    menu.prev();
+    
+    menu.pageDown();
+    menu.pageUp();
+
+    // There is no fourth item in the list!
+    menu.prefix('e').show(4);
+    menu.next();
+    menu.next();
+    menu.prev();
+    menu.prev();
+    menu.prev();
+  });
 });
diff --git a/dev/js/src/hint/menu.js b/dev/js/src/hint/menu.js
index df27a11..1763306 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/hint/menu.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/hint/menu.js
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@
     create : function (hint, context, params) {
       var obj = Object.create(menuClass)
 	.upgradeTo(this)
-	._init(itemClass, prefixClass, lengthFieldClass, params);
+	._init(params, {
+	  itemClass : itemClass,
+	  prefixClass : prefixClass,
+	  lengthFieldClass : lengthFieldClass
+	});
       obj._context = context;
       obj._element.classList.add('hint');
       obj._hint = hint;
diff --git a/dev/js/src/init.js b/dev/js/src/init.js
index 3b911b6..8fcc162 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/init.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/init.js
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * TODO: Create lazy loading of objects including
+ * - obj.hint()
+ * - obj.alertify()
+ * - obj.session()
+ * - obj.tutorial()
+ * - obj.vc() // toggle
+ * - obj.matchCreate() (using webpack)
+ * - obj.koral() (show result, parse for errors ...)
+ * - obj.alignment() // toggle
+ */
+
 define([
   'match',
   'hint',
@@ -104,6 +116,7 @@
 	if (this._match !== undefined)
 	  this._match.open();
 	else {
+	  // lazyLoad
 	  matchClass.create(this).open();
 	};
 	e.halt();
@@ -116,6 +129,7 @@
 	  if (this._match !== undefined)
 	    this._match.toggle();
 	  else {
+	    // lazyLoad
 	    matchClass.create(this).open();
 	  };
 	  e.halt();
diff --git a/dev/js/src/match/tree.js b/dev/js/src/match/tree.js
index dcecd5e..5e39a1a 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/match/tree.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/match/tree.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 /**
  * Visualize span annotations as a tree
  * using Dagre.
+ *
+ * This should be lazy loaded!
  */
 define(['lib/dagre'], function (dagre) {
   "use strict";
diff --git a/dev/js/src/match/treemenu.js b/dev/js/src/match/treemenu.js
index fec7703..5af4619 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/match/treemenu.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/match/treemenu.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     create : function (info, params) {
       var obj = Object.create(menuClass)
 	.upgradeTo(this)
-	._init(itemClass, undefined, undefined, params);
+	._init(params, {itemClass : itemClass});
       obj.limit(6);
       obj._info = info;
 
diff --git a/dev/js/src/menu.js b/dev/js/src/menu.js
index e8028ea..9ed6e7c 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/menu.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/menu.js
@@ -41,23 +41,30 @@
      * Create new Menu based on the action prefix
      * and a list of menu items.
      *
+     *
+     * Accepts an associative array containg the elements
+     * itemClass, prefixClass, lengthFieldClass
+     *
      * @this {Menu}
      * @constructor
      * @param {string} Context prefix
      * @param {Array.<Array.<string>>} List of menu items
      */
-    create : function (params) {
-      return Object.create(this)._init(params);
+    create : function (list, params) {
+      return Object.create(this)._init(list, params);
     },
 
     // Initialize list
-    _init : function (itemClass, prefixClass, lengthFieldClass, params) {
+    _init : function (list, params) {
 
-      this._itemClass = itemClass || defaultItemClass;
+      if (params === undefined)
+	params = {};
+
+      this._itemClass = params["itemClass"] || defaultItemClass;
 
       // Add prefix object
-      if (prefixClass !== undefined) {
-	this._prefix = prefixClass.create();
+      if (params["prefixClass"] !== undefined) {
+	this._prefix = params["prefixClass"].create();
       }
       else {
 	this._prefix = defaultPrefixClass.create();
@@ -65,8 +72,8 @@
       this._prefix._menu = this;
 
       // Add lengthField object
-      if (lengthFieldClass !== undefined) {
-	this._lengthField = lengthFieldClass.create();
+      if (params["lengthFieldClass"] !== undefined) {
+	this._lengthField = params["lengthFieldClass"].create();
       }
       else {
 	this._lengthField = defaultLengthFieldClass.create();
@@ -116,12 +123,12 @@
 
       var i = 0;
       // Initialize item list based on parameters
-      for (i in params) {
-	var obj = this._itemClass.create(params[i]);
+      for (i in list) {
+	var obj = this._itemClass.create(list[i]);
 
 	// This may become circular
 	obj["_menu"] = this;
-	this._lengthField.add(params[i]);
+	this._lengthField.add(list[i]);
 	this._items.push(obj);
       };
 
@@ -405,7 +412,7 @@
 	if (active < 0) {
 	  active = 0;
 	}
-	else if (active > this.liveLength()) {
+	else if (active >= this.liveLength()) {
 	  active = this.liveLength() - 1;
 	};
 
diff --git a/dev/js/src/menu/item.js b/dev/js/src/menu/item.js
index 8278d17..873d81b 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/menu/item.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/menu/item.js
@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@
 
   // Highlight a certain substring of the menu item
   _highlight : function (elem, prefix) {
-    
     if (elem.nodeType === 3) {
       
       var text   = elem.nodeValue;
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@
       this._action = params[1];
 
     this._lcField = ' ' + this.content().textContent.toLowerCase();
-    this._highlight = null;
+    this._prefix = null;
 
     return this;
   },
diff --git a/dev/js/src/vc/menu.js b/dev/js/src/vc/menu.js
index fddb3f0..5840438 100644
--- a/dev/js/src/vc/menu.js
+++ b/dev/js/src/vc/menu.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     create : function (params) {
       var obj = Object.create(menuClass)
 	.upgradeTo(this)
-	._init(itemClass, undefined, undefined, params);
+	._init(params, {itemClass : itemClass});
       obj.limit(6);
 
       // This is only domspecific