script/tei2korapxml

#!/usr/bin/env perl

###
### converts input in TEI P5 format (https://www1.ids-mannheim.de/kl/projekte/korpora/textmodell.html)
###  into output in KorAP-XML format (https://github.com/KorAP/KorAP-XML-Krill -> 'KorAP-XML document')
###
### input restrictions:
###
###  . utf8 encoded
###  . TEI P5 formatted input with certain restrictions:
###    . mandatory: text-header with integrated textsigle, text-body
###    . optional:  corp-header with integrated corpsigle, doc-header with integrated docsigle
###
###  . all tokens inside the primary text (inside $data) may not be newline seperated, because newlines
###    are removed (see below: 'inside text body') and a conversion of newlines into blanks between 2 tokens
###    could lead to additional blanks, where there should be none (e.g.: punctuation characters like ',' or
###    '.' should not be seperated from their predecessor token).
###    - see also '~ whitespace handling ~'
###
###  . POS and MSD inline annotations handling (see below: expected format)
###  ...
###
### notes on the output:
###
###  . zip file output (default on stdout) with utf8 encoded entries (which together form the KorAP-XML format)
###  ...
###

use strict;
use warnings;

use Pod::Usage;
use Getopt::Long qw(GetOptions :config no_auto_abbrev);

use File::Basename qw(dirname);
use IO::Handle;
use IO::Select;

use open qw(:std :utf8); # assume utf-8 encoding
use Encode qw(encode_utf8 decode_utf8);

use XML::CompactTree::XS;
use XML::LibXML::Reader;
use IO::Compress::Zip qw(zip $ZipError :constants);
use IPC::Open2 qw(open2);

use FindBin;
BEGIN {
  unshift @INC, "$FindBin::Bin/../lib";
};

use KorAP::XML::TEI;
use KorAP::XML::TEI::Tokenization;

our $VERSION = '0.01';

our $VERSION_MSG = "\ntei2korapxml - v$VERSION\n";


# Parse options from the command line
GetOptions(
  "root|r=s"  => \(my $_root_dir = '.'),  # name of root directory inside zip file
  "input|i=s" => \(my $input_fname = ''), # input file (yet only TEI I5 Format accepted)
  'help|h'   => sub {
    pod2usage(
      -verbose => 99,
      -sections => 'NAME|DESCRIPTION|SYNOPSIS|ARGUMENTS|OPTIONS',
      -msg => $VERSION_MSG,
      -output => '-'
    )
  },
  'version|v' => sub {
    pod2usage(
      -verbose => 0,
      -msg => $VERSION_MSG,
      -output => '-'
    )
  }
);

#
# ~~~ parameter (mandatory) ~~~
#

 # optional
my $_CORP_SIGLE       = "korpusSigle";                 # opening and closing tags (without attributes) have to be in one line
                                                       #  (e.g.: <korpusSigle>GOE</korpusSigle>)
 # optional
my $_DOC_SIGLE        = "dokumentSigle";               # analog
 # mandatory
my $_TEXT_SIGLE       = "textSigle";                   # analog
 # mandatory
my $_TEXT_BODY        = "text";                        # tag (without attributes), which contains the primary text
 # optional
my $_CORP_HEADER_BEG  = "idsHeader type=\"corpus\"";   # just keep the correct order of the attributes and evtl. add an '.*' between them
 # optional
my $_DOC_HEADER_BEG   = "idsHeader type=\"document\""; # analog
 # mandatory
my $_TEXT_HEADER_BEG  = "idsHeader type=\"text\"";     # analog
  
#
# ~~~ constants ~~~
#

## DEPRECATED (only IDS-intern - the tokenization is normally done by external tools)
my $_GEN_TOK_BAS               = 0;      # IDS internal tokenization
  my( $chld_out, $chld_in, $pid, $select );
##

## dummy tokenization (only for testing)
my $_GEN_TOK_DUMMY             = 1;      # use dummy base tokenization for testing (base tokenization is normally done by external tools)
  my $_tok_file_con            = "tokens_conservative.xml";
  my $_tok_file_agg            = "tokens_aggressive.xml";
  my ( @tok_tokens_con, @tok_tokens_agg, $m1, $m2, $m3, $m4, $tmp, $p1, $p2, $pr, $txt, $offset );
my $_base_tokenization_dir     = "base"; # name of directory for storing files of dummy tokenization (only used in func. select_tokenization)

# man IO::Compress::Zip
# At present three compression methods are supported by IO::Compress::Zip, namely
# Store (no compression at all), Deflate, Bzip2 and LZMA.
# Note that to create Bzip2 content, the module "IO::Compress::Bzip2" must be installed.
# Note that to create LZMA content, the module "IO::Compress::Lzma" must be installed.
my $_COMPRESSION_METHOD = ZIP_CM_DEFLATE; # The symbols, ZIP_CM_STORE, ZIP_CM_DEFLATE, ZIP_CM_BZIP2 and ZIP_CM_LZMA are used to select the compression method.

my $_DEBUG           = 0;                            # set to 1 for minimal more debug output (no need to be parametrized)
my $_XCT_LN          = 0;                            # only for debugging: include line numbers in elements of $tree_data
                                                     #  (see also manpage of XML::CompactTree::XS)

my $_header_file     = "header.xml";                 # name of files      containing the  text, document and corpus header
my $_data_file       = "data.xml";                   # name of file       containing the  primary text data (tokens)
my $_structure_dir   = "struct";                     # name of directory  containing the  $_structure_file
my $_structure_file  = "structure.xml";              # name of file       containing all  tags (except ${_TOKEN_TAG}'s) related information
                                                     #                                     (= their names and byte offsets in $_data)
## TODO: optional (different annotation tools can produce more zip-files for feeding into KorAP-XML-Krill)
my $_TOKENS_PROC     = 1;                            # on/off: processing of ${_TOKEN_TAG}'s (default: 1)
my $_tokens_dir      = "tokens";                     # name of directory  containing the  $_tokens_file
my $_tokens_file     = "morpho.xml";                 # name of file       containing all  ${_TOKEN_TAG}'s related information (=their byte offsets in $_data)
                                                     #                                     - evtl. with additional inline annotations
my $_TOKENS_TAG      = "w";                          # name of tag        containing all  information stored in $_tokens_file

## TODO: optional
# handling inline annotations (inside $_TOKENS_TAG)
my $_INLINE_ANNOT    = 0;                            # on/off: set to 1 if inline annotations are present and should be processed (default: 0)
my $_INLINE_LEM_RD   = "lemma";                      # from which attribute to read LEMMA information
my $_INLINE_ATT_RD   = "ana";                        # from which attribute to read POS information (and evtl. additional MSD - Morphosyntactic Descriptions)
                                                     # TODO: The format for the POS and MSD information has to suffice the regular expression ([^ ]+)( (.+))?
                                                     #  - which means, that the POS information can be followed by an optional blank with additional
                                                     #     MSD information; unlike the MSD part, the POS part may not contain any blanks.
my $_INLINE_POS_WR   = "pos";                        # name (inside $_tokens_file) referring to POS   information
my $_INLINE_MSD_WR   = "msd";                        # name (inside $_tokens_file) referring to MSD   information
my $_INLINE_LEM_WR   = "lemma";                      # name (inside $_tokens_file) referring to LEMMA information
##


#
# ~~~ variables ~~~
#

my $zip;                                             # IO::Compress::Zip object
my $zip_outh;                                        # handle for zip file output (stdout)
my $first_write;                                     # needed to decide wether to call '$zip->newStream' (for appending to zip file)
my $input_fh;                                        # input file handle (default: stdin)

my $buf_in;                                          # text body data extracted from input document ($input_fh), further processed by XML::LibXML::Reader
my $data;                                            # contains the primary text (created by func. 'retr_info' from $buf_in), which is written to '$data_file'

my $dir;                                             # text     directory (below $_root_dir)
my $dir_crp;                                         # corpus   directory (below $_root_dir)
my $dir_doc;                                         # document directory (below $_root_dir)

my ( $text_id, $text_id_esc );                       # '$text_id_esc' = escaped version of $text_id (see %ent)

my %ent = ('"', '&quot;', '&','&amp;',               # convert '&', '<' and '>' into their corresponding sgml-entities
           '<','&lt;','>','&gt;');
                                                     # note: the index still refers to the 'single character'-versions, which are counted as 1
                                                     #  (search for '&amp;' in data.xml and see corresponding indices in $_tokens_file)

my $header_txt;                                      # raw text     header (written to '$_root_dir$dir/$_header_file')
my $header_doc;                                      # raw document header (written to '$_root_dir$dir_doc/$_header_file')
my $header_crp;                                      # raw corpus   header (written to '$_root_dir$dir_crp/$_header_file')

my ( $header_fl_crp, $header_fl_doc,                 # flags for tracking where we are in the input document
     $header_fl_txt, $data_fl );

my ( $header_prfx, $data_prfx1,                      # $header_prfx is written to $_header_file, $data_* are written to $_data_file
     $data_prfx2, $data_sfx );

my @structures;                                      # list of arrays, where each array represents a TEI I5 tag (except $_TOKENS_TAG) from the input document
                                                     #  - the input of this array is written in func. 'write_structures' into the file '$_structure_file'

my @tokens;                                          # list of arrays, where each array represents a $_TOKENS_TAG from the input document
                                                     #  - the input of this array is written in func. 'write_tokens' into the file '$_tokens_file'

my ( $ref, $idx, $att_idx );                         # needed in func. 'write_structures' and 'write_tokens'

my ( $reader,                                        # instance of 'XML::LibXML::Reader->new' (on input '$buf_in')
     $tree_data );                                   # instance of 'XML::CompactTree::XS::readSubtreeToPerl' (on input '$reader')

# these are only used inside recursive function 'retr_info'
my ( $_IDX,                                          # value is set dependent on $_XCT_LN - for extracting array of child elements from element in $tree_data
     $e,                                             # element from $tree_data
     $n,                                             # tag name of actual processed element $e
     $rl,                                            # recursion level
     $dl,                                            # actual length of string $data
     @oti,                                           # oti='open tags indizes' - a stack of indizes into @structures, where the top index in @oti
                                                     #                            represents the actual processed element from @structures
     @oti2,                                          # analogously to @oti, but with reference to array @tokens
     $inside_tokens_tag,                             # flag is set, when inside $_TOKENS_TAG
     ## variables for handling ~ whitespace related issue ~ (it is sometimes necessary, to correct the from-values for some tags)
     $add_one,                                       # ...
     $fval, $fval2,                                  # ...
     %ws);                                           # hash for indices of whitespace nodes (needed to recorrect from-values)
                                                     # idea: when closing element, check if it's from-index minus 1 refers to a whitespace node
                                                     #  (means: 'from-index - 1' is a key in %ws).
                                                     # if this is _not_ the case, then the from-value is one to high => correct it by substracting 1

my $output;                                          # temporary variable needed in 'write_*'-functions for writing output to zip-stream $zip)

my ( $i, $c );                                       # index variables used in loops

## DEPRECATED (only IDS-intern)
my $_tok_file_bas = "tokens.xml";
##

my ( $_CORP_HEADER_END, $_DOC_HEADER_END, $_TEXT_HEADER_END );


#
# ~~~ main ~~~
#

# ~ initializations ~

($_XCT_LN)?($_IDX=5):($_IDX=4);

$header_prfx = $data_prfx1 = $data_prfx2 = $data_sfx = "";

$header_fl_txt = $header_fl_doc = $header_fl_crp = 0;

$inside_tokens_tag = -1;

$fval = $fval2 = 0;

$_root_dir .= '/'; # base dir must always end with a slash
$_root_dir =~ s/^\.?\///; # remove leading / (only relative paths allowed in IO::Compress::Zip) and redundant ./

$_CORP_HEADER_BEG =~ s#^([^\s]+)(.*)$#$1\[\^>\]*$2#; $_CORP_HEADER_END  = $1;
$_DOC_HEADER_BEG  =~ s#^([^\s]+)(.*)$#$1\[\^>\]*$2#; $_DOC_HEADER_END   = $1;
$_TEXT_HEADER_BEG =~ s#^([^\s]+)(.*)$#$1\[\^>\]*$2#; $_TEXT_HEADER_END  = $1;

## TODO: remove this, because it's IDS-specific
$header_prfx  = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n";
$header_prfx .= "<?xml-model href=\"header.rng\" type=\"application/xml\" schematypens=\"http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0\"?>\n";
$header_prfx .= "<!DOCTYPE idsCorpus PUBLIC \"-//IDS//DTD IDS-XCES 1.0//EN\" \"http://corpora.ids-mannheim.de/idsxces1/DTD/ids.xcesdoc.dtd\">\n";
##

$data_prfx1   = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n";
$data_prfx1  .= "<?xml-model href=\"text.rng\" type=\"application/xml\" schematypens=\"http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0\"?>\n\n";
$data_prfx1  .= "<raw_text docid=\"";
$data_prfx2  .= "\" xmlns=\"http://ids-mannheim.de/ns/KorAP\">\n";
## TODO: can 'metadata.xml' change or is it constant?
$data_prfx2  .= "  <metadata file=\"metadata.xml\" />\n";
##
$data_prfx2  .= "  <text>";
$data_sfx     = "</text>\n</raw_text>";


## DEPRECATED (only IDS-intern)
startTokenizer() if $_GEN_TOK_BAS;
##

# ~ read input and write output (text by text) ~
process();


#
# ~~~ subs ~~~
#


sub process {

  my ( $pfx, $sfx );

  my $lc = 0; # line counter

  my $tc = 0; # text counter

  $input_fh = *STDIN;  # input file handle (default: stdin)

  $zip_outh = *STDOUT; # output file handle (default: stdout)

  $data_fl = 0; $first_write = 1;

  $buf_in = $data = $dir = $dir_doc = $dir_crp = "";
  $header_txt = $header_doc = $header_crp = "";


  if ( $input_fname ne '' ){

    open ( $input_fh, "<", "$input_fname") || die "File \'$input_fname\' could not be opened.\n";

  }


  # prevents segfaulting of 'XML::LibXML::Reader' inside 'process()' - see notes on 'PerlIO layers' in  'man XML::LibXML')
  # removing 'use open qw(:std :utf8)' would fix this problem too, but using binmode on input is more granular
  binmode $input_fh;


  # ~ loop (reading input document) ~

  while ( <$input_fh> ){

    $lc++; # line counter

    # TODO: yet not tested fo big amounts of data
    # must-have, otherwise comments in input could be fatal (e.g.: ...<!--\n<idsHeader...\n-->...)
    KorAP::XML::TEI::delHTMLcom ( $input_fh, $_ ); # remove HTML comments (<!--...-->)

    if ( $data_fl && m#^(.*)</${_TEXT_BODY}>(.*)$# ){


      # ~ end of text body ~


      # write data.xml, structure.xml and evtl. morpho.xml and/or the dummy tokenization files (s.a.: $_tok_file_con and $_tok_file_agg)

      $pfx = $1; $sfx = $2;

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with closing text-body tag '${_TEXT_BODY}'"
        ." contains additional information ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/ || $sfx !~ /^\s*$/;

      if ( $dir ne "" ){

        $reader = XML::LibXML::Reader->new( string => "<text>$buf_in</text>", huge => 1 );

        if ( $_XCT_LN ){ # _XCT_LINE_NUMBERS is only for debugging
          $tree_data = XML::CompactTree::XS::readSubtreeToPerl( $reader, XCT_DOCUMENT_ROOT | XCT_IGNORE_COMMENTS | XCT_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY | XCT_LINE_NUMBERS );
        } else {
          $tree_data = XML::CompactTree::XS::readSubtreeToPerl( $reader, XCT_DOCUMENT_ROOT | XCT_IGNORE_COMMENTS | XCT_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY );
        }

        @structures = (); @oti = ();

        if ( $_TOKENS_PROC ){
          @tokens = (); @oti2 = ()
        }

        $dl = $rl = 0;

        # ~ whitespace related issue ~
        $add_one = 0;
        %ws = ();


        # ~ recursion ~

        retr_info( \$tree_data->[2] ); # parse input data

        $rl--;


        # ~ write data.xml ~

        $data =~ tr/\n\r/  /; # note: 2 blanks - otherwise offset data would become corrupt

        $data = encode_utf8( $data );

        ## DEPRECATED (only IDS-intern)
        # first write it to tokenization pipe to give it some time
        if ( $_GEN_TOK_BAS ){
          print $chld_in "$data\n\x03\n";
        }
        ##
      
        print STDERR "DEBUG ($0): main(): Writing (utf8-formatted) xml file $_root_dir$dir/$_data_file\n" if $_DEBUG;

        if ( $first_write ){

          $first_write = 0;

          # 1st time: create instance
          $zip = new IO::Compress::Zip $zip_outh, Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 0, Name => "$_root_dir$dir/$_data_file"
            or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir/$_data_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"

        } else {

          # closes the current compressed data stream and starts a new one.
          $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => "$_root_dir$dir/$_data_file" )
            or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir/$_data_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"
        }

        $data =~ s/(&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g;

        $zip->print( "$data_prfx1$text_id_esc$data_prfx2$data$data_sfx" );


        # ~ write structures ~

        write_structures() if @structures;


        # ~ write tokens ~

        write_tokens() if $_TOKENS_PROC && @tokens;


        # ~ dummy tokenization ~

        if ( $_GEN_TOK_BAS || $_GEN_TOK_DUMMY ){ ## DEPRECATED ($_GEN_TOK_BAS: only IDS-intern)

          select_tokenization();

          if ( $_GEN_TOK_DUMMY ){
            $offset = 0; @tok_tokens_con=(); @tok_tokens_agg=();
          }
        }

        $data_fl = 0; $buf_in = $data = $dir = ""; # reinit.

      } else { # $dir eq ""

        print STDERR "WARNING ($0): main(): maybe empty textSigle => skipping this text ...\n";
        print STDERR "WARNING ($0): main(): text header=$header_txt\n";
        print STDERR "WARNING ($0): main(): data=$data\n";
      }

    } elsif ( $data_fl ){


      # ~ inside text body ~


      #print STDERR "inside text body (\$data_fl set)\n";

      # ~ whitespace handling ~

      # remove consecutive whitespace at beginning and end (mostly one newline)
      # to let 'XML::CompactTree::XS' recognize these blanks as 'text-nodes', the option 'XCT_IGNORE_WS' may not be used (see above).
      s/^\s+//; s/\s+$//;

      # There's nothing wrong with inserting an additional blank at the start of the 2nd and all consecutive lines (which contain at least one tag),
      #  because it helps for better readability of the text in the '$_data_file' (e.g.: assure blanks between sentences).
      # Furthermore, the input lines should avoid primary text tokens, which span across several lines, unless the line breaks doesn't lead
      #  to a situation which produces unwanted blanks - e.g.: '...<w>end</w>\n<w>.</w>...' would lead to '...<w>end</w> <w>.</w>...', or
      #  '...<w>,</w>\n<w>this</w>\n<w>is</w>\n<w>it</w>\n<w>!</w>...' to '<w>,<w> <w>this</w> <w>is</w> <w>it</w> <w>!</w>'. Even when considering
      #  to correct those unwanted effects, there would be lots of examples aside punctuation, where there would not exist an easy way or unarbitrary
      #  solution regarding the elimination of the false blanks.
      #
      # So, the best way to avoid having false blanks in the output, is to assure that linebreaks between word-tags doesn't occur in the input
      #  (see also comments on 'input restrictions' at the top of this script).

      if ( m/<[^>]+>[^<]/ ){ # line contains at least one tag with at least one character contents

        $tc++; # text counter

        s/^(.)/ $1/ if $tc > 1; # add blank before 1st character for 2nd line and consecutive lines (which contain at least one tag)
      }

      # add line to buffer
      $buf_in .= $_;

    } elsif ( $header_fl_txt && m#^(.*</${_TEXT_HEADER_END}>)(.*)$# ){


      # ~ end of text header ~


      #print STDERR "end of text header\n";

      # write it to header.xml

      $sfx = $2;

      $header_txt .= $1; $header_fl_txt = 0;


      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with closing text-header tag '${_TEXT_HEADER_END}'"
       ." contains additional information ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
         if $sfx !~ /^\s*$/;

      if ( $dir eq "" ){

        print STDERR "WARNING ($0): main(): input line number $lc: empty textSigle in text header => nothing to do ...\ntext header=$header_txt\n";

      } else {

        print STDERR "DEBUG ($0): Writing file $_root_dir$dir/$_header_file\n" if $_DEBUG;

        if ( $first_write ){

          $first_write = 0;

          $zip = new IO::Compress::Zip $zip_outh, Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD,
                 Append => 0, Name => "$_root_dir$dir/$_header_file"
            or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir/$_header_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"

        } else {

          $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => "$_root_dir$dir/$_header_file" )
            or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir/$_header_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"
        }

        $header_txt = encode_utf8( $header_txt );

        $zip->print( "$header_prfx$header_txt" );

        $header_txt = "";
      }

    } elsif ( $header_fl_txt ){

      # ~ inside text header ~


      #print STDERR "inside text header\n";

      if( m#^(.*)<${_TEXT_SIGLE}(?: [^>]*)?>([^<]*)(.*)$# ){

        $pfx = $1; $sfx = $3;

        $dir = $2; $text_id = $dir;

        $text_id =~ tr/\//_/; $dir =~ s/("|&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g;

        $text_id = encode_utf8( $text_id );

        die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with text-sigle tag '$_TEXT_SIGLE' is not in expected format ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/  || $sfx !~ m#^</${_TEXT_SIGLE}>\s*$# || $dir =~ /^\s*$/;

        # log output for seeing progression
        print STDERR "$0: main(): text_id=".decode_utf8( $text_id )."\n";

        $text_id_esc = $text_id;

        s#(<${_TEXT_SIGLE}(?: [^>]*)?>)[^<]+(</${_TEXT_SIGLE}>)#$1$dir$2# # to be consistent with escaping, escape also textSigle in text-header
          if $text_id_esc =~ s/("|&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g;

        $dir =~ tr/\./\//;
      }

      $header_txt .= $_;

    } elsif ( $header_fl_doc && m#^(.*</${_DOC_HEADER_END}>)(.*)$# ){


      # ~ end of document header ~


      #print STDERR "end of doc header\n";

      # write it to header.xml

      $sfx = $2;

      $header_doc .= $1; $header_fl_doc = 0;

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with closing document-header tag '${_DOC_HEADER_END}'"
       ." contains additional information ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
         if $sfx !~ /^\s*$/;

      if( $dir_doc eq "" ){

        print STDERR "WARNING ($0): main(): input line number $lc: empty document sigle in document header"
          ." => nothing to do ...\ndocument header=$header_doc\n";

      } else {

        print STDERR "DEBUG ($0): Writing file $_root_dir$dir_doc/$_header_file\n" if $_DEBUG;

        if ( $first_write ){

          $first_write = 0;

          $zip = new IO::Compress::Zip $zip_outh, Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 0,
            Name => "$_root_dir$dir_doc/$_header_file"
              or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir_doc/$_header_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"

        } else {

          $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => "$_root_dir$dir_doc/$_header_file" )
            or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir_doc/$_header_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"
        }

        $header_doc = encode_utf8( $header_doc );

        $zip->print( "$header_prfx$header_doc" );

        $header_doc = $dir_doc = "";
      }

    } elsif ( $header_fl_doc ){


      # ~ inside document header ~


      #print STDERR "inside doc header\n";

      if ( m#^(.*)<${_DOC_SIGLE}(?: [^>]*)?>([^<]*)(.*)$# ){

        $pfx = $1; $sfx = $3;

        $dir_doc = $2;

        die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with document-sigle tag '$_DOC_SIGLE' is not in expected format ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/  || $sfx !~ m#^</${_DOC_SIGLE}>\s*$# || $dir_doc =~ /^\s*$/;

        s#(<${_DOC_SIGLE}(?: [^>]*)?>)[^<]+(</${_DOC_SIGLE}>)#$1$dir_doc$2# # to be consistent with escaping, escape also textSigle in Document-Header
          if $dir_doc =~ s/("|&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g;
      }

      $header_doc .= $_;

    } elsif ( m#^(.*)(<${_TEXT_HEADER_BEG}.*)$# ){

      # ~ start of text header ~


      #print STDERR "begin of text header\n";

      $header_txt = $_; $header_fl_txt = 1; $pfx = $1;

      $tc = 0; # reset (needed for ~ whitespace handling ~)

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with opening text-header tag '${_TEXT_HEADER_BEG}'"
        ." is not in expected format ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/;

    } elsif ( m#^(.*)<${_TEXT_BODY}(?: [^>]*)?>(.*)$# ){


      # ~ start of text body ~


      #print STDERR "inside text body\n";

      $pfx = $1; $sfx = $2;

      $data_fl = 1;

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with opening text-body tag '${_TEXT_BODY}'"
        ." contains additional information ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/ || $sfx !~ /^\s*$/;

    } elsif ( m#^(.*)(<${_DOC_HEADER_BEG}.*)$# ){


      # ~ start of document header ~


      #print STDERR "begin of doc header\n";

      $header_doc = "$2\n"; $header_fl_doc = 1; $pfx = $1;

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with opening document-header tag '${_DOC_HEADER_BEG}'"
        ."is not in expected format ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/;

    } elsif ( $header_fl_crp && m#^(.*</${_CORP_HEADER_END}>)(.*)$# ){


      # ~ end of corpus header ~


      #print STDERR "end of corp header\n";

      $sfx = $2;

      $header_crp .= $1; $header_fl_crp = 0;

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with closing corpus-header tag '${_CORP_HEADER_END}'"
        ." contains additional information ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $sfx !~ /^\s*$/;

      if ( $dir_crp eq "" ){

        print STDERR "WARNING ($0): main(): input line number $lc: empty corpus sigle in corpus header => nothing to do ...\ncorpus header=$header_crp\n";

      } else {

        print STDERR "DEBUG ($0): Writing file $_root_dir$dir_crp/$_header_file\n" if $_DEBUG;

        if ( $first_write ){

          $first_write = 0;

          $zip = new IO::Compress::Zip $zip_outh, Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD,
            Append => 0, Name => "$_root_dir$dir_crp/$_header_file"
               or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir_crp/$_header_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n";

        } else {

          $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => "$_root_dir$dir_crp/$_header_file" )
            or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir_crp/$_header_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n"
        }

        $header_crp = encode_utf8( $header_crp );

        $zip->print( "$header_prfx$header_crp" );

        $header_crp = $dir_crp = "";
      }

    } elsif ( $header_fl_crp ){


      # ~ inside corpus header ~


      #print STDERR "inside corp header\n";

      if ( m#^(.*)<${_CORP_SIGLE}(?: [^>]*)?>([^<]*)(.*)$# ){

        $pfx = $1; $sfx = $3;

        $dir_crp = $2;

        die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with korpusSigle-tag is not in expected format ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/  || $sfx !~ m#^</${_CORP_SIGLE}>\s*$# || $dir_crp =~ /^\s*$/;

        if ( $dir_crp =~ s/("|&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g ){

          s#(<${_CORP_SIGLE}(?: [^>]*)?>)[^<]+(</${_CORP_SIGLE}>)#$1$dir_crp$2# # to be consistent with escaping, escape also textSigle in Corpus-Header
        }
      }

      $header_crp .= $_;

    } elsif ( m#^(.*)(<${_CORP_HEADER_BEG}.*)$# ){


      # ~ start of corpus header ~


      #print STDERR "begin of corp header\n";

      $header_crp = $2; $header_fl_crp = 1; $pfx = $1;

      die "ERROR ($0): main(): input line number $lc: line with opening corpus-header tag '${_CORP_HEADER_BEG}'"
        ." is not in expected format ... => Aborting\n\tline=$_"
          if $pfx !~ /^\s*$/;
    }

  } #end: while

  $zip->close();

  ## DEPRECATED (only IDS-intern)
  if( $_GEN_TOK_BAS ){
    close($chld_in);
    close($chld_out);
  }
  ##

} # end: sub process


sub retr_info { # called from process()

  #  EXAMPLE: <node a="v"><node1>some <n/> text</node1><node2>more-text</node2></node>
  #
  #  print out values of above example:
  #  echo '<node a="v"><node1>some <n/> text</node1><node2>more-text</node2></node>' | perl -e 'use XML::CompactTree::XS; use XML::LibXML::Reader; $reader = XML::LibXML::Reader->new(IO => STDIN); $data = XML::CompactTree::XS::readSubtreeToPerl( $reader, XCT_DOCUMENT_ROOT | XCT_IGNORE_COMMENTS | XCT_LINE_NUMBERS ); print $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[1]'
  #
  #  $data = reference to below array
  #
  #  [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_DOCUMENT,
  #    1: ?
  #    2: [ 0: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT                     <- start recursion with array '$data->[2]' (see process(): retr_info( \$tree_data->[2] ))
  #              1: 'node'
  #              2: ?
  #              3: HASH (attributes)
  #              4: 1 (line number)
  #              5: [ 0: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT
  #                        1: 'node1'
  #                        2: ?
  #                        3: undefined (no attributes)
  #                        4: 1 (line number)
  #                        5: [ 0: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT
  #                                  1: 'some '
  #                                ]
  #                             1: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT
  #                                  1: 'n'
  #                                  2: ?
  #                                  3: undefined (no attributes)
  #                                  4: 1 (line number)
  #                                  5: undefined (no child nodes)
  #                                ]
  #                             2: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT
  #                                  1: ' text'
  #                                ]
  #                           ]
  #                      ]
  #                   1: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT
  #                        1: 'node2'
  #                        2: ?
  #                        3: undefined (not attributes)
  #                        4: 1 (line number)
  #                        5: [ 0: [ 0: XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT
  #                                  1: 'more-text'
  #                                ]
  #                           ]
  #                      ]
  #                 ]
  #            ]
  #       ]
  #  ]
  #
  #  $data->[0] = 9 (=> type == XML_READER_TYPE_DOCUMENT)
  #
  #  ref($data->[2])                                                         == ARRAY (with 1 element for 'node')
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0])                                                    == ARRAY (with 6 elements)
  #
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[0]                                                    == 1 (=> type == XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[1]                                                    == 'node'
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[3])                                               == HASH  (=> ${$data->[2]->[0]->[3]}{a} == 'v')
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[4]                                                    == 1 (line number)
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[5])                                               == ARRAY (with 2 elements for 'node1' and 'node2')
  #                                                                                     # child nodes of actual node (see $_IDX)
  #
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0])                                          == ARRAY (with 6 elements)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[0]                                          == 1 (=> type == XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[1]                                          == 'node1'
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[3]                                          == undefined (=> no attribute)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[4]                                          == 1 (line number)
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5])                                     == ARRAY (with 3 elements for 'some ', '<n/>' and ' text')
  #
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[0])                                == ARRAY (with 2 elements)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[0]                                == 3 (=> type ==  XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[1]                                == 'some '
  #
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[1])                                == ARRAY (with 5 elements)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[0]                                == 1 (=> type == XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[1]                                == 'n'
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[3]                                == undefined (=> no attribute)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[4]                                == 1 (line number)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[5]                                == undefined (=> no child nodes)
  #
  #  ref($data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[2])                                == ARRAY (with 2 elements)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[2]->[0]                                == 3 (=> type ==  XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT)
  #  $data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[0]->[5]->[2]->[1]                                == ' text'
  # 
  #
  #  retr_info() starts with the array reference ${$_[0]} (= \$tree_data->[2]), which corresponds to ${\$data->[2]} in the above example.
  #  Hence, the expression @{${$_[0]}} corresponds to @{${\$data->[2]}}, $e to ${${\$data->[2]}}[0] (= $data->[2]->[0]) and $e->[0] to
  #  ${${\$data->[2]}}[0]->[0] (= $data->[2]->[0]->[0]).

  $rl++; # recursion level (1 = topmost level inside retr_info() = should always be level of tag $_TEXT_BODY)


  foreach $e ( @{${$_[0]}} ){ # iteration through all array elements ($_[0] is a reference to an array reference)


    if ( $e->[0] == XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT ){ # element node (see 'NODE TYPES' in manpage of XML::LibXML::Reader)


      #~~~~
      # from here: opening tag
      #~~~~


      # insert new array (for new tag) into @structures with tag-name and tag-attributes (if present)
      # update @oti (open tags indizes) with @structures highest index (= $#structures); e.g.: @a=(1,2,3) => $#a = 2

      # ~ tag name ~

      $n = $e->[1];


      # ~ handle structures ~

      my @array;
      push @array, $n;
      push @structures, \@array;
      push @oti, $#structures; # add highest index of @structures to @oti


      # ~ handle tokens ~

      $inside_tokens_tag = $rl if $_TOKENS_PROC && $n eq $_TOKENS_TAG; # wether to push entry also into @tokens array

      if ( $_TOKENS_PROC && $inside_tokens_tag == $rl ){

        my @array2;
        push @array2, $n;
        push @tokens, \@array2;
        push @oti2, $#tokens;
      }


      # ~ handle attributes ~

      if ( defined $e->[3] ){ # only if attributes exist

        for ( $c = 0; $c < @{$e->[3]}; $c += 2 ){ # with 'XCT_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY', $node->[3] is an array reference of the form
                                                  #  [ name1, value1, name2, value2, ....] of attribute names and corresponding values.
                                                  # note: arrays are faster (see: http://makepp.sourceforge.net/2.0/perl_performance.html)

          # '$c' references the 'key' and '$c+1' the 'value'
          push @{$structures[$#structures]}, ${$e->[3]}[$c], ${$e->[3]}[$c+1];

          if ( $_TOKENS_PROC && $inside_tokens_tag == $rl ){

            push @{$tokens[$#tokens]}, ${$e->[3]}[$c], ${$e->[3]}[$c+1];
          }

        }
      }


      # ~ index 'from' ~

      # this is, where a normal tag or tokens-tag ($_TOKENS_TAG) starts

      push @{$structures[$#structures]}, ( $dl + $add_one ); # see below (text and whitespace nodes) for explanation on '$add_one'

      if ( $_TOKENS_PROC && $inside_tokens_tag == $rl ){

        push @{$tokens[$#tokens]}, ( $dl + $add_one );
      }


      #~~~~
      # until here: opening tag
      #~~~~


      # ~~ RECURSION ~~

      if ( defined $e->[$_IDX] ){  # do no recursion, if $e->[$_IDX] is not defined (because we have no array of child nodes, e.g.: <back/>)

        retr_info( \$e->[$_IDX] ); # recursion with array of child nodes

        $rl--; # return from recursion
      }


      #~~~~~
      # from here: closing tag
      #~~~~~


      # ~ handle structures ~

      {
        my $ix  = pop @oti; # index of just closed tag

        my $aix = $#{$structures[$ix]}; # determine highest index from 'array referring to last closed tag' ...

        $fval = ${$structures[$ix]}[ $aix ]; # ... and get it's from-value

        if ( $fval > 0 && not exists $ws{ $fval - 1 } ){ # ~ whitespace related issue ~

          # previous node was a text-node

          ${$structures[$ix]}[ $aix ] = $fval - 1; # recorrect from-value (see below: notes on ~ whitespace related issue ~)
        }

        # in case this fails, check input
        die "ERROR ($0, retr_info()): text_id='$text_id', processing of \@structures: from-value ($fval) is 2 or more greater"
          ." than to-value ($dl) => please check. aborting ...\n"
            if ( $fval - 1 ) > $dl;

        # TODO: construct example for which this case applies
        #  maybe this is not necessary anymore, because the above recorrection of the from-value suffices
        # TODO: check, if it's better to remove this line and change above check to 'if ( $fval - 1) >= $dl;
        ${$structures[$ix]}[ $aix ] = $dl if $fval == $dl + 1; # correct from-value (same as ... if $fval-1 == $dl)

        push @{$structures[$ix]}, $dl, $rl; # to-value and recursion-level

        # note: use $dl, because the offsets are _between_ the characters (e.g.: word = 'Hello' => from = 0 (before 'H'), to = 5 (after 'o'))
      }


      # ~ handle tokens ~


      if ( $_TOKENS_PROC && $inside_tokens_tag == $rl ){

        my $ix  = pop @oti2;

        my $aix = $#{$tokens[$ix]};

        $fval2  = ${$tokens[$ix]}[ $aix ]; # from-value

        if( $fval2 > 0 && not exists $ws{ $fval2 - 1 } ){ # ~ whitespace related issue ~

          # previous node was a text-node

          ${$tokens[$ix]}[ $aix ] = $fval2 - 1; # recorrect from-value
        }

        # in case this fails, check input
        die "ERROR ($0, retr_info()): text_id='$text_id', processing of \@tokens: from-value ($fval2) is 2 or more greater"
          ." than to-value ($dl) => please check. aborting ...\n"
            if ( $fval2 - 1 ) > $dl;

        # TODO: construct example for which this case applies
        #  maybe this is not necessary anymore, because the above recorrection of the from-value suffices
        # TODO: check, if it's better to remove this line and change above check to 'if ( $fval2 - 1) >= $dl;
        ${$tokens[$ix]}[ $aix ] = $dl if $fval2 == $dl + 1; # correct from-value (same as ... if $fval-1 == $dl)

        push @{$tokens[$ix]}, $dl, $rl; # to-value and recursion-level

        $inside_tokens_tag = -1; # reset
      }

      # ~ whitespace related issue ~
      # clean up
      delete $ws{ $fval  - 1 } if $fval > 0 && exists $ws{ $fval - 1 };
      delete $ws{ $fval2 - 1 } if $_TOKENS_PROC && $fval2 > 0 && exists $ws{ $fval2 - 1 };


    #~~~~~
    # from here: text (and whitespace) nodes
    #~~~~~


    # the 3rd form of nodes, next to text-nodes (XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT) and tag-nodes (XML_READER_TYPE_ELEMENT) are nodes
    #  of the type 'XML_READER_TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_WHITESPACE'
    #
    # when modifiying the above example (at the top of this sub) by inserting an additional blank between '</node1>' and '<node2>',
    #  the output for '$data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[1]' becomes a blank (' ') and it's type is '14' (see manpage of XML::LibXML::Reader):
    #
    # echo '<node a="v"><node1>some <n/> text</node1> <node2>more-text</node2></node>' | perl -e 'use XML::CompactTree::XS; use XML::LibXML::Reader; $reader = XML::LibXML::Reader->new(IO => STDIN); $data = XML::CompactTree::XS::readSubtreeToPerl( $reader, XCT_DOCUMENT_ROOT | XCT_IGNORE_COMMENTS | XCT_LINE_NUMBERS ); print "node=".$data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[1].", type=".$data->[2]->[0]->[5]->[1]->[0]."\n"'

    } elsif ( $e->[0] == XML_READER_TYPE_TEXT || $e->[0] == XML_READER_TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_WHITESPACE ){

      # notes on ~ whitespace related issue ~ (see below source code)
      #
      # example: '... <head type="main"><s>Campagne in Frankreich</s></head><head type="sub"> <s>1792</s> ...'
      #
      # Two text-nodes should normally be separated by a blank. In the above example, that would be the 2 text-nodes
      #  'Campagne in Frankreich' and '1792', which are separated by the whitespace-node ' '.
      # 
      # Assumed, that the above example marks the general case, then the text-node 'Campagne in Frankreich' leads to the
      #  setting of '$add_one' to 1, so that when opening the 2nd 'head'-tag and setting it's from-index, it gets the right
      #  offset, which is the start-index of '1792'.
      #
      # To check, that the above consideration holds, we save the from-index of a read whitespace-node into the hash %ws.
      #  By this, it can be checked when closing a tag, if the 'non-tag'-node (text or whitespace) before the last 'non-tag'-
      #  node was actually a whitespace-node ($ws{ $fval - 1 }).
      #
      # For whitespace-nodes, also $add_one has to be set to 0, so when opening the next tag (in the above example the 2nd
      #  's'-tag), no additional 1 is added, because this was already done by the whitespace-node itself (by incrementing the
      #  variable $dl).
      #
      # Now, what happens, when 2 text-nodes are not seperated by a whitespace-node (blank)? (e.g.: <w>Augen<c>,</c></w>)
      #
      # In this case, the falsely increased from-value has to be decreased again by 1 when closing the referring tag
      #  (...$fval - 1; # recorrect).
      #
      # Comparing the 2 examples '<w>fu</w> <w>bar</w>' and '<w>fu</w><w> </w><w>bar</w>' (even though, the 2nd one makes less
      #  sense, because of '<w> </w>'), in both the ' ' is handled as a whitespace-node (XML_READER_TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_WHITESPACE).
      #
      # So the from-index of the 2nd w-tag (in the second example) would refer to 'bar', which may not have been the intention
      #  (even, if '<w> </w>' doesn't make a lot of sense). TODO: could this be a bug, which needs to be fixed?
      #
      # Empty tags also cling to the next text-token - e.g. in '...<w>tok1</w> <w>tok2</w><a><b/></a><w>tok3</w>...' the from-
      #  and to-indizes for the tags 'a' and 'b' are both 9, which is the start-index of the token 'tok3'.

      if( $e->[0] == XML_READER_TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_WHITESPACE ){

       # ~ whitespace related issue ~

        $add_one = 0;

        $ws{ $dl }++; # '++' does not mean a thing here (could be used for consistency checking)

      }else{

        # ~ text-node ~

        $add_one = 1;
      }


      # ~ update $data and $dl ~

      $data .= $e->[1];

      $dl += length( $e->[1] ); # update length of $data



      #~~~~~
      # from here (until end): dummy tokenization
      #~~~~~

      if ( $_GEN_TOK_DUMMY ){

        $txt = $e->[1];


        if ( substr( $txt, 0, 1 ) ne ' ' || substr( $txt, 1, 1) ne ' ' ){ # $txt has at least 2 chars, if it's not empty or equal to ' '

          my $tok = KorAP::XML::TEI::Tokenization::conservative($txt, $offset);
          push @tok_tokens_con, @$tok;

          $tok = KorAP::XML::TEI::Tokenization::aggressive($txt, $offset);
          push @tok_tokens_agg, @$tok;

          ##$offset = $dl+1;

          $offset = $dl;

        } # fi

      } # fi: $_GEN_TOK_DUMMY


    #elsif ( $e->[0] == XML_READER_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE ) # attribute node
    #   note: attributes cannot be processed like this ( => use 'XCT_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY' - see above )


    }else{ # not yet handled type

      die "ERROR ($0): Not yet handled type (\$e->[0]=".$e->[0].") ... => Aborting\n";
    }

  } # end: foreach iteration

} # end: sub retr_info


sub select_tokenization { # called from process()

  #print STDERR "$0: select_tokenization() ...\n";

  ## DEPRECATED (only IDS-intern)
  if( $_GEN_TOK_BAS ) {
    if( $select->can_read(3600) ){ # wait 60m for external tokenizer
      $_ = <$chld_out>;
      my @bounds = split;
      write_tokenization("$_root_dir$dir/$_base_tokenization_dir/$_tok_file_bas", $text_id_esc, \@bounds);
      while($select->can_read(0)) {
        $_ = <$chld_out>;
        if (defined $_ && $_ ne '') {
          print STDERR "WARNING: extra output: $_\n"
        } else {
          print STDERR "WARNING: tokenizer seems to have crashed, restarting.\n";
          startTokenizer();
        }
      }
    }else{
      $zip->close();
      die "ERROR ($0): cannot retrieve token bounds from external tokenizer for text '$text_id' => Aborting ...\n";
    }
  ## 
  }elsif( $_GEN_TOK_DUMMY ){
    write_tokenization("$_root_dir$dir/$_base_tokenization_dir/$_tok_file_con", $text_id_esc, \@tok_tokens_con);
    write_tokenization("$_root_dir$dir/$_base_tokenization_dir/$_tok_file_agg", $text_id_esc, \@tok_tokens_agg);
  }

  #print STDERR "$0: write_tokenization(): DONE\n";

} # end: select_tokenization

sub write_tokenization { # called from select_tokenization()

  my ( $fname, $textid_esc, $bounds ) = @_;

  $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => $fname)
    or die "ERROR ('$fname'): zip failed: $ZipError\n";

  $output = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<?xml-model href=\"span.rng\" type=\"application/xml\""
    ." schematypens=\"http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0\"?>\n\n<layer docid=\"$text_id_esc\" xmlns=\"http://ids-mannheim.de/ns/KorAP\""
    ." version=\"KorAP-0.4\">\n  <spanList>\n";

  $c = 0;

  for( $i = 0; $i < ($#$bounds + 1); $i +=  2 ){

    $output .= "    <span id=\"t_$c\" from=\"".$bounds->[$i]."\" to=\"".$bounds->[$i+1]."\" />\n";

    $c++;
  }

  $output .= "  </spanList>\n</layer>";

  $zip->print ( "$output" );

} # end: sub write_tokenization


sub write_structures { # called from process()

  # ~ write @structures ~

  #print STDERR "$0: write_structures(): ...\n";

  if ( $dir eq "" ){
 
   print STDERR "WARNING ($0): write_structures(): empty textSigle => nothing to do ...\n";
    return;
  }

  $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => "$_root_dir$dir/$_structure_dir/$_structure_file" )
      or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir/$_structure_dir/$_structure_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n";

  $output = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<?xml-model href=\"span.rng\" type=\"application/xml\""
           ." schematypens=\"http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0\"?>\n\n<layer docid=\""
           .decode_utf8($text_id_esc)."\" xmlns=\"http://ids-mannheim.de/ns/KorAP\" version=\"KorAP-0.4\">\n  <spanList>\n";

  $c = 0;

  foreach $ref ( @structures ){

    ( @{$ref} == 4 )?( $idx = 1 ):( $idx = @{$ref}-3 ); # if array '@{$ref}' doesn't contain attributes, then the number of elements in this array is 4
                                                        #  (name, from, to, rec_level), otherwise >4

    # correct last from-value ( if the 'second to last' from-value refers to an s-tag, then the last from-value is one to big - see retr_info )

    if( $#structures == $c && ${$ref}[ $idx ] == ${$ref}[ $idx+1 ] + 1 ){

      ${$ref}[$idx] = ${$ref}[ $idx+1 ];
    }

    # this consistency check is already done in 'retr_info()'
    #elsif( ${$ref}[$idx] > ${$ref}[$idx+1] ){ # consistency check: abort, if this doesn't hold
    #  die "ERROR ($0: write_structures(): \$text_id=$text_id, \$c=$c, tag-name=${$ref}[0]):"
    #     ." 'from-index=${$ref}[$idx]' > 'to-index=${$ref}[$idx+1]' => please check! aborting ...\n";
    #  die "ERROR ($0: write_structures(): \$text_id=$text_id, \$c=$c, tag-name=${$ref}[0]):"
    #     ." 'from-index=${$ref}[$idx]' > 'to-index=${$ref}[$idx+1]' => please check! aborting ...\n\n$output" }

    # at least 'POS' should always be there => remove constraint '$_TOKENS_PROC'
    #if( $_TOKENS_PROC && ${$ref}[0] ne $_TOKENS_TAG )

    if( ${$ref}[0] ne $_TOKENS_TAG ){ # $_TOKENS_TAG is already written in 'write_tokens'

      # l (level): insert information about depth of element in XML-tree (top element = level 1)
      $output .=  "    <span id=\"s$c\" from=\"${$ref}[ $idx ]\" to=\"${$ref}[ $idx+1 ]\" l=\"${$ref}[ $idx+2 ]\">\n"
                 ."      <fs type=\"struct\" xmlns=\"http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0\">\n"
                 ."        <f name=\"name\">${$ref}[ 0 ]</f>\n";

      if ( $idx > 2 ) # attributes
      {
        $output .= "        <f name=\"attr\">\n          <fs type=\"attr\">\n";

        for ( $att_idx = 1; $att_idx < $idx; $att_idx += 2 ){

          ${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ] =~ s/(&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g; # see explanation in func. 'write_tokens'

          # attribute (at index $att_idx) with value (at index $att_idx+1)
          $output .= "            <f name=\"${$ref}[ $att_idx ]\">${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ]</f>\n";
        }

        $output .= "          </fs>\n        </f>\n";
      }

      $output .= "      </fs>\n    </span>\n";

    } # fi: ... ne $_TOKENS_TAG

    $c++;

  } # end: foreach

  $output .= "  </spanList>\n</layer>";

  $output = encode_utf8( $output );

  $zip->print( "$output" );

  #print STDERR "$0: write_structures(): DONE\n";

} # end: sub write_structures


sub write_tokens { # called from process()

  # ~ write @tokens ~

  #print STDERR "$0: write_tokens(): ...\n";

  if( $dir eq "" ){

    print STDERR "WARNING ($0): write_tokens(): empty textSigle => nothing to do ...\n";
    return;
  }

  $zip->newStream( Zip64 => 1, TextFlag => 1, Method => $_COMPRESSION_METHOD, Append => 1, Name => "$_root_dir$dir/$_tokens_dir/$_tokens_file" )
      or die "ERROR ('$_root_dir$dir/$_tokens_dir/$_tokens_file'): zip failed: $ZipError\n";

  $output = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<?xml-model href=\"span.rng\" type=\"application/xml\""
           ." schematypens=\"http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0\"?>\n\n<layer docid=\""
           .decode_utf8($text_id_esc)."\" xmlns=\"http://ids-mannheim.de/ns/KorAP\" version=\"KorAP-0.4\">\n  <spanList>\n";

  $c = 0;

  foreach $ref ( @tokens ){

    # if array '@{$ref}' doesn't contain attributes, then the number of elements in this array is 4 (name, from, to, rec_level), otherwise >4
    ( @{$ref} == 4 )?( $idx = 1 ):( $idx = @{$ref}-3 );

    # correct last from-value (if the 'second to last' from-value refers to an s-tag, then the last from-value is one to big - see retr_info())
    if ( $#tokens == $c && ${$ref}[ $idx ] == ${$ref}[ $idx+1 ] + 1 ){

      ${$ref}[ $idx ] = ${$ref}[ $idx+1 ]; # TODO: check
    }

    # l (level): insert information about depth of element in XML-tree (top element = level 1)
    $output .= "    <span id=\"s$c\" from=\"${$ref}[ $idx ]\" to=\"${$ref}[ $idx+1 ]\" l=\"${$ref}[ $idx+2 ]\">\n"
              ."      <fs type=\"lex\" xmlns=\"http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0\">\n"
              ."        <f name=\"lex\">\n";

    if ( $idx > 2 ){ # attributes

      $output .= "          <fs>\n";

      for ( $att_idx = 1; $att_idx < $idx; $att_idx += 2 ){

        ${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ] =~ s/(&|<|>)/$ent{$1}/g; # ... <w lemma="&gt;" ana="PUNCTUATION">&gt;</w> ...
                                                       # the '&gt;' is translated to '>' and hence the result would be '<f name="lemma">></f>'

        if ( $_INLINE_ANNOT && ${$ref}[ $att_idx ] eq "$_INLINE_ATT_RD" ){

          ${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ] =~ /^([^ ]+)(?: (.+))?$/;

          die "ERROR (write_tokens()): unexpected format! => Aborting ... (att: ${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ])\n"
            if ( $_INLINE_POS_WR && not defined $1 ) || ( $_INLINE_MSD_WR && not defined $2 );

          if ( "$_INLINE_POS_WR" ){

            $output .= "            <f name=\"$_INLINE_POS_WR\">";
            $output .= "$1" if defined $1;
            $output .= "</f>\n";
          }

          if ( "$_INLINE_MSD_WR" ){

            $output .= "            <f name=\"$_INLINE_MSD_WR\">";
            $output .= "$2" if defined $2;
            $output .= "</f>\n";
          }

        } elsif ( $_INLINE_ANNOT && "$_INLINE_LEM_RD" && ${$ref}[ $att_idx ] eq "$_INLINE_LEM_RD" ){

          $output .= "            <f name=\"$_INLINE_LEM_WR\">${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ]</f>\n";

        } else { # all other attributes

          $output .= "            <f name=\"${$ref}[$att_idx]\">${$ref}[ $att_idx+1 ]</f>\n"; # attribute (at index $att_idx) with value (at index $att_idx+1)
        }

      } # end: for

      $output .= "          </fs>\n";

    } # fi: attributes

    $output .= "        </f>\n      </fs>\n    </span>\n";

    $c++;

  } # end: foreach

  $output .= "  </spanList>\n</layer>";

  $output = encode_utf8( $output );

  $zip->print( "$output" );

  #print STDERR "$0: write_tokens(): DONE\n";

} # end: sub write_tokens


## DEPRECATED ($_GEN_TOK_BAS: only IDS-intern)
sub startTokenizer {
  $pid = open2($chld_out, $chld_in, 'java  -cp '. join(":", ".", glob(&dirname(__FILE__)."/../target/*.jar"))." de.ids_mannheim.korap.tokenizer.KorAPTokenizerImpl");
  $select = IO::Select->new();
  $select->add(*$chld_out);
}
##

__END__

=pod

=encoding utf8

=head1 NAME

tei2korapxml - Conversion of TEI P5 based formats to KorAP-XML

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  cat corpus.i5.xml | tei2korapxml > corpus.korapxml.zip

=head1 DESCRIPTION

C<tei2korapxml> is a script to convert TEI P5 and I5 based documents

to the KorAP-XML format. If no specific input is defined, data is

read from C<STDIN>. If no specific output is defined, data is written

to C<STDOUT>.

This program is usually called from inside another script.

=head1 INSTALLATION

C<tei2korapxml> requires L<libxml2-dev> bindings to build. When

these bindings are available, the preferred way to install the script is

to use L<cpanm|App::cpanminus>.

  $ cpanm https://github.com/KorAP/KorAP-XML-TEI.git

In case everything went well, the C<tei2korapxml> tool will

be available on your command line immediately.

Minimum requirement for L<KorAP::XML::TEI> is Perl 5.16.

=head1 OPTIONS

=over 2

=item B<--base|-b>

The base directory for output. Defaults to C<.>.

=item B<--help|-h>

Print help information.

=item B<--version|-v>

Print version information.

=back

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2020, L<IDS Mannheim|https://www.ids-mannheim.de/>

Author: Peter Harders

Contributors: Marc Kupietz, Carsten Schnober, Nils Diewald

L<KorAP::XML::TEI> is developed as part of the L<KorAP|https://korap.ids-mannheim.de/>

Corpus Analysis Platform at the

L<Leibniz Institute for the German Language (IDS)|http://ids-mannheim.de/>,

member of the

L<Leibniz-Gemeinschaft|http://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/>.

This program is free software published under the

L<BSD-2 License|https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KorAP/KorAP-XML-TEI/master/LICENSE>.

=cut