R/collocationAnalysis.R

#' @include logging.R
setGeneric("collocationAnalysis", function(kco, ...) standardGeneric("collocationAnalysis"))

#' Collocation analysis
#'
#' @family collocation analysis functions
#' @aliases collocationAnalysis
#'
#' @description
#'
#' Performs a collocation analysis for the given node (or query)
#' in the given virtual corpus.
#'
#' @details
#' The collocation analysis is currently implemented on the client side, as some of the
#' functionality is not yet provided by the KorAP backend. Mainly for this reason
#' it is very slow (several minutes, up to hours), but on the other hand very flexible.
#' You can, for example, perform the analysis in arbitrary virtual corpora, use complex node queries,
#' and look for expression-internal collocates using the focus function (see examples and demo).
#'
#' To increase speed at the cost of accuracy and possible false negatives,
#' you can decrease searchHitsSampleLimit and/or topCollocatesLimit and/or set exactFrequencies to FALSE.
#'
#' Note that some outdated non-DeReKo back-ends might not yet support returning tokenized matches (warning issued).
#' In this case, the client library will fall back to client-side tokenization which might be slightly less accurate.
#' This might lead to false negatives and to frequencies that differ from corresponding ones acquired via the web
#' user interface.
#'
#'
#' @param lemmatizeNodeQuery     if TRUE, node query will be lemmatized, i.e. `x -> [tt/l=x]`
#' @param minOccur               minimum absolute number of observed co-occurrences to consider a collocate candidate
#' @param topCollocatesLimit     limit analysis to the n most frequent collocates in the search hits sample
#' @param searchHitsSampleLimit  limit the size of the search hits sample
#' @param stopwords              vector of stopwords not to be considered as collocates
#' @param withinSpan             KorAP span specification (see <https://korap.ids-mannheim.de/doc/ql/poliqarp-plus?embedded=true#spans>) for collocations to be searched within. Defaults to `base/s=s`.
#' @param exactFrequencies       if FALSE, extrapolate observed co-occurrence frequencies from frequencies in search hits sample, otherwise retrieve exact co-occurrence frequencies
#' @param seed                   seed for random page collecting order
#' @param expand                 if TRUE, `node` and `vc` parameters are expanded to all of their combinations
#' @param maxRecurse             apply collocation analysis recursively `maxRecurse` times
#' @param addExamples            If TRUE, examples for instances of collocations will be added in a column `example`. This makes a difference in particular if `node` is given as a lemma query.
#' @param thresholdScore         association score function (see \code{\link{association-score-functions}}) to use for computing the threshold that is applied for recursive collocation analysis calls (only applied when \code{maxRecurse > 0})
#' @param threshold              minimum value of `thresholdScore` function call to apply collocation analysis recursively (only applied when \code{maxRecurse > 0})
#' @param localStopwords         vector of stopwords that will not be considered as collocates in the current function call, but that will not be passed to recursive calls
#' @param collocateFilterRegex   allow only collocates matching the regular expression
#' @param queryMissingScores     if TRUE, attempt to retrieve corpus-based association scores for vc/collocate combinations that would otherwise be imputed, by re-querying the KorAP backend without applying the collocate frequency threshold
#' @param missingScoreQuantile   lower quantile (evaluated per association measure) that anchors the adaptive floor used for imputing missing scores between virtual corpora; a robust spread is subtracted from this anchor so the imputed values stay below the weakest observed scores
#' @param vcLabel optional label override for the current virtual corpus (used internally when named VC collections are expanded)
#' @param cacheAs                path to an RDS file for caching the result. If the file already exists, the cached result is loaded and returned immediately without contacting the server. Otherwise the analysis is run normally and the result is saved to the file before returning. Defaults to \code{NULL} (no caching).
#' @param ...                    more arguments will be passed to [collocationScoreQuery()]
#' @inheritParams collocationScoreQuery,KorAPConnection-method
#' @return
#' A tibble where each row represents a candidate collocate for the requested node.
#' Columns include (depending on the selected association measures):
#'
#' \itemize{
#'   \item \code{node}, \code{collocate}, \code{vc}, \code{label}: identifiers for the query node, collocate, virtual corpus, and optional label.
#'   \item Frequency and contingency information such as \code{frequency}, \code{O}, \code{O1}, \code{O2}, \code{E}, \code{leftContextSize}, \code{rightContextSize}, and \code{w}.
#'   \item Association measures (e.g. \code{logDice}, \code{ll}, \code{mi}, ...), one column per requested scorer.
#'   \item Per-labelled association scores produced by multi-VC comparisons using the pattern \code{<measure>_<label>}.
#'   \item Ranks per label/measure with the pattern \code{rank_<label>_<measure>} (1 is best) and the corresponding percentile ranks \code{percentile_rank_<label>_<measure>}.
#'   \item Pairwise contrasts for two-label comparisons, e.g. \code{delta_<measure>}, \code{delta_rank_<measure>}, and \code{delta_percentile_rank_<measure>}.
#'   \item Summary columns describing the strongest labels per measure (\code{winner_*}, \code{runner_up_*}, \code{loser_*}, and \code{max_delta_*}), including winner/loser \code{webUIRequestUrl} columns. In multi-VC comparisons, missing per-label concordance URLs are derived from another available row URL for the same \code{node}/\code{collocate} by replacing the \code{cq} parameter with the target label's virtual corpus. Unsuffixed \code{winner_webUIRequestUrl} and \code{loser_webUIRequestUrl} columns are populated only when the score-based URL choices agree.
#'   \item Optional helper columns such as \code{query}, \code{example}, or \code{url} when example retrieval is requested.
#' }
#' @importFrom dplyr arrange desc slice_head bind_rows group_by mutate ungroup left_join select row_number all_of first
#' @importFrom purrr pmap
#' @importFrom tidyr expand_grid pivot_wider
#' @importFrom rlang sym
#'
#' @examples
#' \dontrun{
#'
#' # Find top collocates of "Packung" inside and outside the sports domain.
#' KorAPConnection(verbose = TRUE) |>
#'   collocationAnalysis("Packung",
#'     vc = c("textClass=sport", "textClass!=sport"),
#'     leftContextSize = 1, rightContextSize = 1, topCollocatesLimit = 20
#'   ) |>
#'   dplyr::filter(logDice >= 5)
#' }
#'
#' \dontrun{
#'
#' # Identify the most prominent light verb construction with "in ... setzen".
#' # Note that, currently, the use of focus function disallows exactFrequencies.
#' KorAPConnection(verbose = TRUE) |>
#'   collocationAnalysis("focus(in [tt/p=NN] {[tt/l=setzen]})",
#'     leftContextSize = 1, rightContextSize = 0, exactFrequencies = FALSE, topCollocatesLimit = 20
#'   )
#' }
#'
#' @export
setMethod(
  "collocationAnalysis", "KorAPConnection",
  function(kco,
           node,
           vc = "",
           lemmatizeNodeQuery = FALSE,
           minOccur = 5,
           leftContextSize = 5,
           rightContextSize = 5,
           topCollocatesLimit = 200,
           searchHitsSampleLimit = 20000,
           ignoreCollocateCase = FALSE,
           withinSpan = ifelse(exactFrequencies, "base/s=s", ""),
           exactFrequencies = TRUE,
           stopwords = append(RKorAPClient::synsemanticStopwords(), node),
           seed = 7,
           expand = length(vc) != length(node),
           maxRecurse = 0,
           addExamples = FALSE,
           thresholdScore = "logDice",
           threshold = 2.0,
           localStopwords = c(),
           collocateFilterRegex = "^[:alnum:]+-?[:alnum:]*$",
           queryMissingScores = FALSE,
           missingScoreQuantile = 0.05,
           vcLabel = NA_character_,
           cacheAs = NULL,
           ...) {
    word <- frequency <- O <- NULL

    if (!is.null(cacheAs) && !grepl("\\.rds$", cacheAs, ignore.case = TRUE)) {
      cacheAs <- paste0(cacheAs, ".rds")
    }

    if (!is.null(cacheAs) && file.exists(cacheAs)) {
      log_info(kco@verbose, sprintf("Loading collocation analysis from cache: %s\n", cacheAs))
      return(readRDS(cacheAs))
    }

    if (!exactFrequencies && (!is.na(withinSpan) && !is.null(withinSpan) && nzchar(withinSpan))) {
      stop(sprintf("Not empty withinSpan (='%s') requires exactFrequencies=TRUE", withinSpan), call. = FALSE)
    }

    warnIfNotAuthorized(kco)

    if (lemmatizeNodeQuery) {
      node <- lemmatizeWordQuery(node)
    }

    vcNames <- names(vc)
    if (is.null(vcNames)) {
      vcNames <- rep(NA_character_, length(vc))
    }

    label_lookup <- NULL
    if (!is.null(names(vc)) && length(vc) > 0) {
      raw_names <- names(vc)
      if (any(!is.na(raw_names) & raw_names != "")) {
        label_lookup <- stats::setNames(raw_names, vc)
      }
    }

    result <- if (length(node) > 1 || length(vc) > 1) {
      grid <- if (expand) {
        tmp_grid <- tidyr::expand_grid(node = node, idx = seq_along(vc))
        tmp_grid$vc <- vc[tmp_grid$idx]
        tmp_grid$vcLabel <- vcNames[tmp_grid$idx]
        tmp_grid[, c("node", "vc", "vcLabel"), drop = FALSE]
      } else {
        tibble(node = node, vc = vc, vcLabel = vcNames)
      }

      multi_result <- purrr::pmap(grid, function(node, vc, vcLabel, ...) {
        collocationAnalysis(kco,
          node = node,
          vc = vc,
          minOccur = minOccur,
          leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
          rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
          topCollocatesLimit = topCollocatesLimit,
          searchHitsSampleLimit = searchHitsSampleLimit,
          ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
          withinSpan = withinSpan,
          exactFrequencies = exactFrequencies,
          stopwords = stopwords,
          addExamples = TRUE,
          localStopwords = localStopwords,
          seed = seed,
          expand = expand,
          missingScoreQuantile = missingScoreQuantile,
          queryMissingScores = queryMissingScores,
          collocateFilterRegex = collocateFilterRegex,
          vcLabel = vcLabel,
          ...
        )
      }) |>
        bind_rows()

      if (!"vc" %in% names(multi_result) || nrow(multi_result) == 0) {
        multi_result
      } else {
        if (queryMissingScores) {
          multi_result <- backfill_missing_scores(
            multi_result,
            grid = grid,
            kco = kco,
            ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
            ...
          )
        }

        if (!"label" %in% names(multi_result)) {
          multi_result$label <- NA_character_
        }

        if (!is.null(label_lookup)) {
          override <- unname(label_lookup[multi_result$vc])
          missing_idx <- is.na(multi_result$label) | multi_result$label == ""
          if (any(missing_idx)) {
            multi_result$label[missing_idx] <- override[missing_idx]
          }
        }

        missing_idx <- is.na(multi_result$label) | multi_result$label == ""
        if (any(missing_idx)) {
          multi_result$label[missing_idx] <- queryStringToLabel(multi_result$vc[missing_idx])
        }

        multi_result |>
          add_multi_vc_comparisons(
            missingScoreQuantile = missingScoreQuantile
          )
      }
    } else {
      if ((is.na(vcLabel) || vcLabel == "") && length(vcNames) >= 1) {
        vcLabel <- vcNames[1]
      }

      set.seed(seed)
      candidates <- collocatesQuery(
        kco,
        node,
        vc = vc,
        minOccur = minOccur,
        leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
        rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
        searchHitsSampleLimit = searchHitsSampleLimit,
        ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
        stopwords = append(stopwords, localStopwords),
        collocateFilterRegex = collocateFilterRegex,
        ...
      )

      if (nrow(candidates) > 0) {
        candidates <- candidates |>
          filter(frequency >= minOccur) |>
          slice_head(n = topCollocatesLimit)
        collocationScoreQuery(
          kco,
          node = node,
          collocate = candidates$word,
          vc = vc,
          leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
          rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
          observed = if (exactFrequencies) NA else candidates$frequency,
          ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
          withinSpan = withinSpan,
          ...
        ) |>
          filter(O >= minOccur) |>
          dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(logDice))
      } else {
        tibble()
      }
    }

    if (!is.na(vcLabel) && vcLabel != "" && "label" %in% names(result)) {
      result$label <- rep(vcLabel, nrow(result))
    }

    threshold_col <- thresholdScore
    if (maxRecurse > 0 && nrow(result) > 0 && threshold_col %in% names(result)) {
      threshold_values <- result[[threshold_col]]
      eligible_idx <- which(!is.na(threshold_values) & threshold_values >= threshold)
      if (length(eligible_idx) > 0) {
        recurseWith <- result[eligible_idx, , drop = FALSE]
        result <- collocationAnalysis(
          kco,
          node = paste0("(", buildCollocationQuery(
            removeWithinSpan(recurseWith$node, withinSpan),
            recurseWith$collocate,
            leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
            rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
            withinSpan = ""
          ), ")"),
          vc = vc,
          minOccur = minOccur,
          leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
          rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
          withinSpan = withinSpan,
          maxRecurse = maxRecurse - 1,
          stopwords = stopwords,
          localStopwords = recurseWith$collocate,
          exactFrequencies = exactFrequencies,
          searchHitsSampleLimit = searchHitsSampleLimit,
          topCollocatesLimit = topCollocatesLimit,
          addExamples = FALSE,
          missingScoreQuantile = missingScoreQuantile,
          collocateFilterRegex = collocateFilterRegex,
          queryMissingScores = queryMissingScores,
          thresholdScore = thresholdScore,
          threshold = threshold,
          vcLabel = vcLabel
        ) |>
          bind_rows(result)

        if (threshold_col %in% names(result)) {
          threshold_values <- result[[threshold_col]]
          keep_idx <- is.na(threshold_values) | threshold_values >= threshold
          result <- result[keep_idx, , drop = FALSE]
        }

        result <- result |>
          filter(O >= minOccur) |>
          dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(logDice))
      }
    }

    if (addExamples && nrow(result) > 0) {
      result$query <- buildCollocationQuery(
        result$node,
        result$collocate,
        leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
        rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
        withinSpan = withinSpan
      )
      result$example <- findExample(
        kco,
        query = result$query,
        vc = result$vc
      )
    }

    if (!is.null(withinSpan) && !is.na(withinSpan) && nzchar(withinSpan) &&
      nrow(result) > 0 &&
      "webUIRequestUrl" %in% names(result) &&
      "query" %in% names(result)) {
      candidate_rows <- which(!is.na(result$node) &
        !grepl("focus\\(", result$node, perl = TRUE) &
        !is.na(result$query) & nzchar(result$query))

      if (length(candidate_rows) > 0) {
        focused_queries <- vapply(
          result$query[candidate_rows],
          inject_focus_into_query,
          character(1)
        )

        changed <- focused_queries != result$query[candidate_rows]
        if (any(changed)) {
          indices <- candidate_rows[changed]
          vc_values <- as.character(result$vc)
          vc_values[is.na(vc_values)] <- ""

          result$webUIRequestUrl[indices] <- mapply(
            function(new_query, vc_value) {
              buildWebUIRequestUrlFromString(
                kco@KorAPUrl,
                new_query,
                vc = vc_value,
                ql = "poliqarp"
              )
            },
            focused_queries[changed],
            vc_values[indices],
            USE.NAMES = FALSE
          )
        }
      }
    }

    if (!is.null(cacheAs)) {
      log_info(kco@verbose, sprintf("Saving collocation analysis to cache: %s\n", cacheAs))
      saveRDS(result, cacheAs)
    }

    result
  }
)

# #' @export
removeWithinSpan <- function(query, withinSpan) {
  if (withinSpan == "") {
    return(query)
  }
  needle <- sprintf("^\\(contains\\(<%s>, ?(.*)\\){2}$", withinSpan)
  res <- gsub(needle, "\\1", query)
  needle <- sprintf("^contains\\(<%s>, ?(.*)\\)$", withinSpan)
  res <- gsub(needle, "\\1", res)
  return(res)
}

backfill_missing_scores <- function(result,
                                    grid,
                                    kco,
                                    ignoreCollocateCase,
                                    ...) {
  if (!"vc" %in% names(result) || !"node" %in% names(result) || !"collocate" %in% names(result)) {
    return(result)
  }

  if (nrow(result) == 0) {
    return(result)
  }

  distinct_pairs <- dplyr::distinct(
    result,
    .data$node,
    .data$collocate
  )
  if (nrow(distinct_pairs) == 0) {
    return(result)
  }

  collocates_by_node <- split(as.character(distinct_pairs$collocate), distinct_pairs$node)
  if (length(collocates_by_node) == 0) {
    return(result)
  }

  required_combinations <- unique(as.data.frame(grid[, c("node", "vc", "vcLabel")], drop = FALSE))
  for (i in seq_len(nrow(required_combinations))) {
    node_value <- required_combinations$node[i]
    vc_value <- required_combinations$vc[i]

    collocate_pool <- collocates_by_node[[node_value]]
    if (is.null(collocate_pool) || length(collocate_pool) == 0) {
      next
    }

    existing_idx <- result$node == node_value & result$vc == vc_value
    existing_collocates <- unique(as.character(result$collocate[existing_idx]))
    missing_collocates <- setdiff(unique(collocate_pool), existing_collocates)
    missing_collocates <- missing_collocates[!is.na(missing_collocates) & nzchar(missing_collocates)]

    if (length(missing_collocates) == 0) {
      next
    }

    context_rows <- result[result$node == node_value & result$vc == vc_value, , drop = FALSE]
    if (nrow(context_rows) == 0) {
      context_rows <- result[result$node == node_value, , drop = FALSE]
    }

    left_size <- context_rows$leftContextSize[!is.na(context_rows$leftContextSize)][1]
    if (is.na(left_size) || length(left_size) == 0) {
      left_size <- result$leftContextSize[!is.na(result$leftContextSize)][1]
    }
    if (is.na(left_size) || length(left_size) == 0) {
      left_size <- 5
    }

    right_size <- context_rows$rightContextSize[!is.na(context_rows$rightContextSize)][1]
    if (is.na(right_size) || length(right_size) == 0) {
      right_size <- result$rightContextSize[!is.na(result$rightContextSize)][1]
    }
    if (is.na(right_size) || length(right_size) == 0) {
      right_size <- 5
    }

    within_span_value <- ""
    if ("query" %in% names(context_rows)) {
      query_candidate <- context_rows$query[!is.na(context_rows$query) & nzchar(context_rows$query)][1]
      if (!is.na(query_candidate) && nzchar(query_candidate)) {
        match_one <- regexec("^\\(*contains\\(<([^>]+)>,", query_candidate)
        matches <- regmatches(query_candidate, match_one)
        if (length(matches) >= 1 && length(matches[[1]]) >= 2) {
          within_span_value <- matches[[1]][2]
        }
      }
    }

    new_rows <- collocationScoreQuery(
      kco,
      node = node_value,
      collocate = missing_collocates,
      vc = vc_value,
      leftContextSize = left_size,
      rightContextSize = right_size,
      ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
      withinSpan = within_span_value,
      ...
    )

    if (nrow(new_rows) == 0) {
      next
    }

    if (!is.null(required_combinations$vcLabel[i]) && !is.na(required_combinations$vcLabel[i]) && required_combinations$vcLabel[i] != "" && "label" %in% names(new_rows)) {
      new_rows$label <- required_combinations$vcLabel[i]
    }

    result <- dplyr::bind_rows(result, new_rows)
  }

  result
}

inject_focus_into_query <- function(query) {
  if (is.null(query) || is.na(query)) {
    return(query)
  }

  trimmed <- trimws(query)
  if (!nzchar(trimmed)) {
    return(query)
  }

  if (!grepl("^contains\\(<[^>]+>", trimmed, perl = TRUE)) {
    return(query)
  }

  if (grepl("focus\\(", trimmed, perl = TRUE)) {
    return(query)
  }

  pattern <- "^contains\\(<([^>]+)>\\s*,\\s*\\((.*)\\)\\)\\s*$"
  matches <- regexec(pattern, trimmed, perl = TRUE)
  components <- regmatches(trimmed, matches)
  if (length(components) == 0 || length(components[[1]]) < 3) {
    return(query)
  }

  span <- components[[1]][2]
  inner <- components[[1]][3]
  parts <- strsplit(inner, "\\|", perl = TRUE)[[1]]
  parts <- trimws(parts)
  parts <- parts[nzchar(parts)]

  if (length(parts) == 0) {
    return(query)
  }

  focused <- paste0("focus({", parts, "})")
  combined <- paste(focused, collapse = " | ")

  sprintf("contains(<%s>, (%s))", span, combined)
}

add_multi_vc_comparisons <- function(result, missingScoreQuantile = 0.05) {
  label <- node <- collocate <- vc <- webUIRequestUrl <- NULL

  if (!"label" %in% names(result) || dplyr::n_distinct(result$label) < 2) {
    return(result)
  }

  numeric_cols <- names(result)[vapply(result, is.numeric, logical(1))]
  non_score_cols <- c("N", "O", "O1", "O2", "E", "w", "leftContextSize", "rightContextSize", "frequency")
  score_cols <- setdiff(numeric_cols, non_score_cols)

  if (length(score_cols) == 0) {
    return(result)
  }

  compute_score_floor <- function(values) {
    # Estimate a conservative floor so missing scores can be imputed without favoring any label
    finite_values <- values[is.finite(values)]
    if (length(finite_values) == 0) {
      return(0)
    }

    prob <- min(max(missingScoreQuantile, 0), 0.5)
    # Use a lower quantile as the anchor to stay near the weakest attested scores
    q_val <- suppressWarnings(stats::quantile(finite_values,
      probs = prob,
      names = FALSE,
      type = 7
    ))

    if (!is.finite(q_val)) {
      q_val <- suppressWarnings(min(finite_values, na.rm = TRUE))
    }

    min_val <- suppressWarnings(min(finite_values, na.rm = TRUE))
    if (!is.finite(min_val)) {
      min_val <- 0
    }

    spread_candidates <- c(
      suppressWarnings(stats::IQR(finite_values, na.rm = TRUE, type = 7)),
      stats::sd(finite_values, na.rm = TRUE),
      abs(q_val) * 0.1,
      abs(min_val - q_val)
    )
    spread_candidates <- spread_candidates[is.finite(spread_candidates)]

    spread <- 0
    if (length(spread_candidates) > 0) {
      spread <- max(spread_candidates)
    }
    if (!is.finite(spread) || spread == 0) {
      spread <- max(abs(q_val), abs(min_val), 1e-06)
    }

    # Step away from the anchor by a robust spread estimate to avoid ties with real scores
    candidate <- q_val - spread
    if (!is.finite(candidate)) {
      candidate <- min_val
    }

    floor_value <- suppressWarnings(min(c(candidate, min_val), na.rm = TRUE))
    if (!is.finite(floor_value)) {
      floor_value <- min_val
    }
    if (!is.finite(floor_value)) {
      floor_value <- 0
    }

    floor_value
  }

  score_replacements <- stats::setNames(
    vapply(score_cols, function(col) {
      compute_score_floor(result[[col]])
    }, numeric(1)),
    score_cols
  )

  comparison <- result |>
    dplyr::select(node, collocate, label, dplyr::all_of(score_cols)) |>
    tidyr::pivot_wider(
      names_from = label,
      values_from = dplyr::all_of(score_cols),
      names_glue = "{.value}_{make.names(label)}",
      values_fn = dplyr::first
    )

  raw_labels <- unique(result$label)
  labels <- make.names(raw_labels)
  label_map <- stats::setNames(raw_labels, labels)
  vc_map <- result |>
    dplyr::select(label, vc) |>
    dplyr::filter(!is.na(label), label != "") |>
    dplyr::distinct(label, .keep_all = TRUE)
  vc_map <- stats::setNames(vc_map$vc, make.names(vc_map$label))

  replace_web_ui_cq <- function(url, vc_value) {
    if (length(url) == 0 || is.na(url) || url == "") {
      return(NA_character_)
    }
    if (length(vc_value) == 0 || is.na(vc_value)) {
      vc_value <- ""
    }
    encoded_vc <- urltools::url_encode(enc2utf8(as.character(vc_value)))
    if (grepl("([?&]cq=)[^&]*", url, perl = TRUE)) {
      return(sub("([?&]cq=)[^&]*", paste0("\\1", encoded_vc), url, perl = TRUE))
    }
    if (encoded_vc == "") {
      return(url)
    }
    paste0(url, ifelse(grepl("\\?", url), "&", "?"), "cq=", encoded_vc)
  }

  if ("webUIRequestUrl" %in% names(result)) {
    url_data <- result |>
      dplyr::select(node, collocate, label, webUIRequestUrl) |>
      tidyr::pivot_wider(
        names_from = label,
        values_from = webUIRequestUrl,
        names_glue = "webUIRequestUrl_{make.names(label)}",
        values_fn = dplyr::first
      )

    comparison <- dplyr::left_join(comparison, url_data, by = c("node", "collocate"))

    url_cols <- paste0("webUIRequestUrl_", labels)
    present_url_cols <- intersect(url_cols, names(comparison))
    fallback_urls <- vapply(seq_len(nrow(comparison)), function(i) {
      urls <- unlist(comparison[i, present_url_cols, drop = FALSE], use.names = FALSE)
      urls <- as.character(urls)
      urls <- urls[!is.na(urls) & urls != ""]
      if (length(urls) == 0) {
        NA_character_
      } else {
        urls[1]
      }
    }, character(1))

    for (safe_label in labels) {
      url_col <- paste0("webUIRequestUrl_", safe_label)
      if (!url_col %in% names(comparison)) {
        comparison[[url_col]] <- NA_character_
      }
      missing_urls <- is.na(comparison[[url_col]]) | comparison[[url_col]] == ""
      if (any(missing_urls)) {
        comparison[[url_col]][missing_urls] <- vapply(
          fallback_urls[missing_urls],
          replace_web_ui_cq,
          character(1),
          vc_value = vc_map[[safe_label]]
        )
      }
    }
  }

  rank_data <- result |>
    dplyr::distinct(node, collocate)

  for (i in seq_along(raw_labels)) {
    raw_lab <- raw_labels[i]
    safe_lab <- labels[i]
    label_df <- result[result$label == raw_lab, c("node", "collocate", score_cols), drop = FALSE]
    if (nrow(label_df) == 0) {
      next
    }
    label_df <- dplyr::distinct(label_df)
    rank_tbl <- label_df[, c("node", "collocate"), drop = FALSE]
    for (col in score_cols) {
      rank_col_name <- paste0("rank_", safe_lab, "_", col)
      percentile_col_name <- paste0("percentile_rank_", safe_lab, "_", col)
      values <- label_df[[col]]
      ranks <- rep(NA_real_, length(values))
      percentiles <- rep(NA_real_, length(values))
      valid_idx <- which(!is.na(values))
      if (length(valid_idx) > 0) {
        ranks[valid_idx] <- rank(-values[valid_idx], ties.method = "first")
        total <- length(valid_idx)
        percentiles[valid_idx] <- 1 - (ranks[valid_idx] - 1) / total
      }
      rank_tbl[[rank_col_name]] <- ranks
      rank_tbl[[percentile_col_name]] <- percentiles
    }
    rank_data <- dplyr::left_join(rank_data, rank_tbl, by = c("node", "collocate"))
  }

  comparison <- dplyr::left_join(comparison, rank_data, by = c("node", "collocate"))

  rank_replacements <- numeric(0)
  rank_column_names <- grep("^rank_", names(comparison), value = TRUE)
  if (length(rank_column_names) > 0) {
    rank_replacements <- stats::setNames(
      vapply(rank_column_names, function(col) {
        col_values <- comparison[[col]]
        valid_values <- col_values[!is.na(col_values)]
        if (length(valid_values) == 0) {
          nrow(comparison) + 1
        } else {
          suppressWarnings(max(valid_values, na.rm = TRUE)) + 1
        }
      }, numeric(1)),
      rank_column_names
    )
  }

  percentile_replacements <- numeric(0)
  percentile_column_names <- grep("^percentile_rank_", names(comparison), value = TRUE)
  if (length(percentile_column_names) > 0) {
    percentile_replacements <- stats::setNames(
      rep(0, length(percentile_column_names)),
      percentile_column_names
    )
  }

  collapse_label_values <- function(indices, safe_labels_vec) {
    if (length(indices) == 0) {
      return(NA_character_)
    }
    labs <- label_map[safe_labels_vec[indices]]
    fallback <- safe_labels_vec[indices]
    labs[is.na(labs) | labs == ""] <- fallback[is.na(labs) | labs == ""]
    labs <- labs[!is.na(labs) & labs != ""]
    if (length(labs) == 0) {
      return(NA_character_)
    }
    paste(unique(labs), collapse = ", ")
  }

  collapse_url_values <- function(indices, url_values) {
    if (length(indices) == 0 || is.null(url_values)) {
      return(NA_character_)
    }
    urls <- as.character(url_values[indices])
    urls <- urls[!is.na(urls) & urls != ""]
    if (length(urls) == 0) {
      return(NA_character_)
    }
    paste(unique(urls), collapse = ", ")
  }

  if (length(labels) == 2) {
    fill_scores <- function(x, y, measure_col) {
      replacement <- score_replacements[[measure_col]]
      fallback_min <- suppressWarnings(min(c(x, y), na.rm = TRUE))
      if (!is.finite(fallback_min)) {
        fallback_min <- 0
      }
      if (!is.null(replacement) && is.finite(replacement)) {
        replacement <- min(replacement, fallback_min)
      } else {
        replacement <- fallback_min
      }
      if (!is.finite(replacement)) {
        replacement <- 0
      }
      if (any(is.na(x))) {
        x[is.na(x)] <- replacement
      }
      if (any(is.na(y))) {
        y[is.na(y)] <- replacement
      }
      list(x = x, y = y)
    }

    fill_percentiles <- function(x, y, left_pct_col, right_pct_col) {
      replacement_left <- percentile_replacements[[left_pct_col]]
      if (is.null(replacement_left) || !is.finite(replacement_left)) {
        replacement_left <- 0
      }
      replacement_right <- percentile_replacements[[right_pct_col]]
      if (is.null(replacement_right) || !is.finite(replacement_right)) {
        replacement_right <- 0
      }
      if (any(is.na(x))) {
        x[is.na(x)] <- replacement_left
      }
      if (any(is.na(y))) {
        y[is.na(y)] <- replacement_right
      }
      list(x = x, y = y)
    }

    fill_ranks <- function(x, y, left_rank_col, right_rank_col) {
      fallback <- nrow(comparison) + 1
      replacement_left <- rank_replacements[[left_rank_col]]
      if (is.null(replacement_left) || !is.finite(replacement_left)) {
        replacement_left <- fallback
      }
      replacement_right <- rank_replacements[[right_rank_col]]
      if (is.null(replacement_right) || !is.finite(replacement_right)) {
        replacement_right <- fallback
      }
      if (any(is.na(x))) {
        x[is.na(x)] <- replacement_left
      }
      if (any(is.na(y))) {
        y[is.na(y)] <- replacement_right
      }
      list(x = x, y = y)
    }

    left_label <- labels[1]
    right_label <- labels[2]

    for (col in score_cols) {
      left_col <- paste0(col, "_", left_label)
      right_col <- paste0(col, "_", right_label)
      if (!all(c(left_col, right_col) %in% names(comparison))) {
        next
      }
      filled <- fill_scores(comparison[[left_col]], comparison[[right_col]], col)
      comparison[[left_col]] <- filled$x
      comparison[[right_col]] <- filled$y
      comparison[[paste0("delta_", col)]] <- filled$x - filled$y
      rank_left <- paste0("rank_", left_label, "_", col)
      rank_right <- paste0("rank_", right_label, "_", col)
      if (all(c(rank_left, rank_right) %in% names(comparison))) {
        filled_rank <- fill_ranks(
          comparison[[rank_left]],
          comparison[[rank_right]],
          rank_left,
          rank_right
        )
        comparison[[paste0("delta_rank_", col)]] <- filled_rank$x - filled_rank$y
      }
      pct_left <- paste0("percentile_rank_", left_label, "_", col)
      pct_right <- paste0("percentile_rank_", right_label, "_", col)
      if (all(c(pct_left, pct_right) %in% names(comparison))) {
        filled_pct <- fill_percentiles(
          comparison[[pct_left]],
          comparison[[pct_right]],
          pct_left,
          pct_right
        )
        comparison[[paste0("delta_percentile_rank_", col)]] <- filled_pct$x - filled_pct$y
      }
    }
  }

  for (col in score_cols) {
    value_cols <- paste0(col, "_", labels)
    existing <- value_cols %in% names(comparison)
    if (!any(existing)) {
      next
    }
    value_cols <- value_cols[existing]
    safe_labels <- labels[existing]

    score_values <- comparison[, value_cols, drop = FALSE]

    winner_label_col <- paste0("winner_", col)
    winner_value_col <- paste0("winner_", col, "_value")
    winner_url_col <- paste0("winner_", col, "_webUIRequestUrl")
    runner_label_col <- paste0("runner_up_", col)
    runner_value_col <- paste0("runner_up_", col, "_value")
    loser_label_col <- paste0("loser_", col)
    loser_value_col <- paste0("loser_", col, "_value")
    loser_url_col <- paste0("loser_", col, "_webUIRequestUrl")
    max_delta_col <- paste0("max_delta_", col)
    url_cols <- paste0("webUIRequestUrl_", safe_labels)
    has_urls <- all(url_cols %in% names(comparison))
    url_values <- if (has_urls) comparison[, url_cols, drop = FALSE] else NULL

    if (nrow(score_values) == 0) {
      comparison[[winner_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[winner_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      if (has_urls) {
        comparison[[winner_url_col]] <- character(0)
      }
      comparison[[runner_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[runner_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      comparison[[loser_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[loser_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      if (has_urls) {
        comparison[[loser_url_col]] <- character(0)
      }
      comparison[[max_delta_col]] <- numeric(0)
      next
    }

    score_matrix <- as.matrix(score_values)
    storage.mode(score_matrix) <- "numeric"

    n_rows <- nrow(score_matrix)
    winner_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    winner_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    winner_urls <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    runner_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    runner_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    loser_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    loser_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    loser_urls <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    max_deltas <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)

    if (n_rows > 0) {
      for (i in seq_len(n_rows)) {
        numeric_row <- as.numeric(score_matrix[i, ])
        if (all(is.na(numeric_row))) {
          next
        }

        replacement <- score_replacements[[col]]
        fallback_min <- suppressWarnings(min(numeric_row, na.rm = TRUE))
        if (!is.finite(fallback_min)) {
          fallback_min <- 0
        }
        if (!is.null(replacement) && is.finite(replacement)) {
          replacement <- min(replacement, fallback_min)
        } else {
          replacement <- fallback_min
        }
        if (!is.finite(replacement)) {
          replacement <- 0
        }
        if (any(is.na(numeric_row))) {
          numeric_row[is.na(numeric_row)] <- replacement
        }
        score_matrix[i, ] <- numeric_row

        max_val <- suppressWarnings(max(numeric_row, na.rm = TRUE))
        max_idx <- which(numeric_row == max_val)
        winner_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(max_idx, safe_labels)
        winner_values[i] <- max_val
        if (has_urls) {
          winner_urls[i] <- collapse_url_values(max_idx, url_values[i, ])
        }

        unique_vals <- sort(unique(numeric_row), decreasing = TRUE)
        if (length(unique_vals) >= 2) {
          runner_val <- unique_vals[2]
          runner_idx <- which(numeric_row == runner_val)
          runner_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(runner_idx, safe_labels)
          runner_values[i] <- runner_val
        }

        min_val <- suppressWarnings(min(numeric_row, na.rm = TRUE))
        min_idx <- which(numeric_row == min_val)
        loser_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(min_idx, safe_labels)
        loser_values[i] <- min_val
        if (has_urls) {
          loser_urls[i] <- collapse_url_values(min_idx, url_values[i, ])
        }

        if (is.finite(max_val) && is.finite(min_val)) {
          max_deltas[i] <- max_val - min_val
        }
      }
    }

    comparison[, value_cols] <- score_matrix
    comparison[[winner_label_col]] <- winner_labels
    comparison[[winner_value_col]] <- winner_values
    if (has_urls) {
      comparison[[winner_url_col]] <- winner_urls
    }
    comparison[[runner_label_col]] <- runner_labels
    comparison[[runner_value_col]] <- runner_values
    comparison[[loser_label_col]] <- loser_labels
    comparison[[loser_value_col]] <- loser_values
    if (has_urls) {
      comparison[[loser_url_col]] <- loser_urls
    }
    comparison[[max_delta_col]] <- max_deltas
  }

  for (col in score_cols) {
    rank_cols <- paste0("rank_", labels, "_", col)
    existing <- rank_cols %in% names(comparison)
    if (!any(existing)) {
      next
    }
    rank_cols <- rank_cols[existing]
    safe_labels <- labels[existing]
    rank_values <- comparison[, rank_cols, drop = FALSE]

    winner_rank_label_col <- paste0("winner_rank_", col)
    winner_rank_value_col <- paste0("winner_rank_", col, "_value")
    winner_rank_url_col <- paste0("winner_rank_", col, "_webUIRequestUrl")
    runner_rank_label_col <- paste0("runner_up_rank_", col)
    runner_rank_value_col <- paste0("runner_up_rank_", col, "_value")
    loser_rank_label_col <- paste0("loser_rank_", col)
    loser_rank_value_col <- paste0("loser_rank_", col, "_value")
    loser_rank_url_col <- paste0("loser_rank_", col, "_webUIRequestUrl")
    max_delta_rank_col <- paste0("max_delta_rank_", col)
    url_cols <- paste0("webUIRequestUrl_", safe_labels)
    has_urls <- all(url_cols %in% names(comparison))
    url_values <- if (has_urls) comparison[, url_cols, drop = FALSE] else NULL

    if (nrow(rank_values) == 0) {
      comparison[[winner_rank_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[winner_rank_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      if (has_urls) {
        comparison[[winner_rank_url_col]] <- character(0)
      }
      comparison[[runner_rank_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[runner_rank_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      comparison[[loser_rank_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[loser_rank_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      if (has_urls) {
        comparison[[loser_rank_url_col]] <- character(0)
      }
      comparison[[max_delta_rank_col]] <- numeric(0)
      next
    }

    rank_matrix <- as.matrix(rank_values)
    storage.mode(rank_matrix) <- "numeric"

    n_rows <- nrow(rank_matrix)
    winner_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    winner_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    winner_urls <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    runner_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    runner_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    loser_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    loser_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    loser_urls <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    max_deltas <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)

    for (i in seq_len(n_rows)) {
      numeric_row <- as.numeric(rank_matrix[i, ])
      if (all(is.na(numeric_row))) {
        next
      }

      if (length(rank_cols) > 0) {
        replacement_vec <- rank_replacements[rank_cols]
        replacement_vec[is.na(replacement_vec)] <- nrow(comparison) + 1
        missing_idx <- which(is.na(numeric_row))
        if (length(missing_idx) > 0) {
          numeric_row[missing_idx] <- replacement_vec[missing_idx]
        }
      }

      valid_idx <- seq_along(numeric_row)
      valid_values <- numeric_row[valid_idx]
      min_val <- suppressWarnings(min(valid_values, na.rm = TRUE))
      min_positions <- valid_idx[which(valid_values == min_val)]
      winner_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(min_positions, safe_labels)
      winner_values[i] <- min_val
      if (has_urls) {
        winner_urls[i] <- collapse_url_values(min_positions, url_values[i, ])
      }

      ordered_vals <- sort(unique(valid_values), decreasing = FALSE)
      if (length(ordered_vals) >= 2) {
        runner_val <- ordered_vals[2]
        runner_positions <- valid_idx[which(valid_values == runner_val)]
        runner_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(runner_positions, safe_labels)
        runner_values[i] <- runner_val
      }

      max_val <- suppressWarnings(max(valid_values, na.rm = TRUE))
      max_positions <- valid_idx[which(valid_values == max_val)]
      loser_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(max_positions, safe_labels)
      loser_values[i] <- max_val
      if (has_urls) {
        loser_urls[i] <- collapse_url_values(max_positions, url_values[i, ])
      }

      if (is.finite(max_val) && is.finite(min_val)) {
        max_deltas[i] <- max_val - min_val
      }
    }

    comparison[[winner_rank_label_col]] <- winner_labels
    comparison[[winner_rank_value_col]] <- winner_values
    if (has_urls) {
      comparison[[winner_rank_url_col]] <- winner_urls
    }
    comparison[[runner_rank_label_col]] <- runner_labels
    comparison[[runner_rank_value_col]] <- runner_values
    comparison[[loser_rank_label_col]] <- loser_labels
    comparison[[loser_rank_value_col]] <- loser_values
    if (has_urls) {
      comparison[[loser_rank_url_col]] <- loser_urls
    }
    comparison[[max_delta_rank_col]] <- max_deltas
  }

  for (col in score_cols) {
    pct_cols <- paste0("percentile_rank_", labels, "_", col)
    existing <- pct_cols %in% names(comparison)
    if (!any(existing)) {
      next
    }
    pct_cols <- pct_cols[existing]
    safe_labels <- labels[existing]
    pct_values <- comparison[, pct_cols, drop = FALSE]

    winner_pct_label_col <- paste0("winner_percentile_rank_", col)
    winner_pct_value_col <- paste0("winner_percentile_rank_", col, "_value")
    winner_pct_url_col <- paste0("winner_percentile_rank_", col, "_webUIRequestUrl")
    runner_pct_label_col <- paste0("runner_up_percentile_rank_", col)
    runner_pct_value_col <- paste0("runner_up_percentile_rank_", col, "_value")
    loser_pct_label_col <- paste0("loser_percentile_rank_", col)
    loser_pct_value_col <- paste0("loser_percentile_rank_", col, "_value")
    loser_pct_url_col <- paste0("loser_percentile_rank_", col, "_webUIRequestUrl")
    max_delta_pct_col <- paste0("max_delta_percentile_rank_", col)
    url_cols <- paste0("webUIRequestUrl_", safe_labels)
    has_urls <- all(url_cols %in% names(comparison))
    url_values <- if (has_urls) comparison[, url_cols, drop = FALSE] else NULL

    if (nrow(pct_values) == 0) {
      comparison[[winner_pct_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[winner_pct_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      if (has_urls) {
        comparison[[winner_pct_url_col]] <- character(0)
      }
      comparison[[runner_pct_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[runner_pct_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      comparison[[loser_pct_label_col]] <- character(0)
      comparison[[loser_pct_value_col]] <- numeric(0)
      if (has_urls) {
        comparison[[loser_pct_url_col]] <- character(0)
      }
      comparison[[max_delta_pct_col]] <- numeric(0)
      next
    }

    pct_matrix <- as.matrix(pct_values)
    storage.mode(pct_matrix) <- "numeric"

    n_rows <- nrow(pct_matrix)
    winner_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    winner_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    winner_urls <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    runner_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    runner_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    loser_labels <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    loser_values <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)
    loser_urls <- rep(NA_character_, n_rows)
    max_deltas <- rep(NA_real_, n_rows)

    if (n_rows > 0) {
      for (i in seq_len(n_rows)) {
        numeric_row <- as.numeric(pct_matrix[i, ])
        if (all(is.na(numeric_row))) {
          next
        }

        if (any(is.na(numeric_row))) {
          numeric_row[is.na(numeric_row)] <- 0
        }
        pct_matrix[i, ] <- numeric_row

        max_val <- suppressWarnings(max(numeric_row, na.rm = TRUE))
        max_idx <- which(numeric_row == max_val)
        winner_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(max_idx, safe_labels)
        winner_values[i] <- max_val
        if (has_urls) {
          winner_urls[i] <- collapse_url_values(max_idx, url_values[i, ])
        }

        unique_vals <- sort(unique(numeric_row), decreasing = TRUE)
        if (length(unique_vals) >= 2) {
          runner_val <- unique_vals[2]
          runner_idx <- which(numeric_row == runner_val)
          runner_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(runner_idx, safe_labels)
          runner_values[i] <- runner_val
        }

        min_val <- suppressWarnings(min(numeric_row, na.rm = TRUE))
        min_idx <- which(numeric_row == min_val)
        loser_labels[i] <- collapse_label_values(min_idx, safe_labels)
        loser_values[i] <- min_val
        if (has_urls) {
          loser_urls[i] <- collapse_url_values(min_idx, url_values[i, ])
        }

        if (is.finite(max_val) && is.finite(min_val)) {
          max_deltas[i] <- max_val - min_val
        }
      }
    }

    comparison[, pct_cols] <- pct_matrix
    comparison[[winner_pct_label_col]] <- winner_labels
    comparison[[winner_pct_value_col]] <- winner_values
    if (has_urls) {
      comparison[[winner_pct_url_col]] <- winner_urls
    }
    comparison[[runner_pct_label_col]] <- runner_labels
    comparison[[runner_pct_value_col]] <- runner_values
    comparison[[loser_pct_label_col]] <- loser_labels
    comparison[[loser_pct_value_col]] <- loser_values
    if (has_urls) {
      comparison[[loser_pct_url_col]] <- loser_urls
    }
    comparison[[max_delta_pct_col]] <- max_deltas
  }

  collapse_consensus_url_columns <- function(url_cols) {
    if (length(url_cols) == 0) {
      return(rep(NA_character_, nrow(comparison)))
    }
    vapply(seq_len(nrow(comparison)), function(i) {
      urls <- unlist(comparison[i, url_cols, drop = FALSE], use.names = FALSE)
      urls <- as.character(urls)
      urls <- urls[!is.na(urls) & urls != ""]
      urls <- unique(urls)
      if (length(urls) == 1) {
        urls
      } else {
        NA_character_
      }
    }, character(1))
  }

  winner_score_url_cols <- intersect(paste0("winner_", score_cols, "_webUIRequestUrl"), names(comparison))
  loser_score_url_cols <- intersect(paste0("loser_", score_cols, "_webUIRequestUrl"), names(comparison))
  if (length(winner_score_url_cols) > 0) {
    comparison$winner_webUIRequestUrl <- collapse_consensus_url_columns(winner_score_url_cols)
  }
  if (length(loser_score_url_cols) > 0) {
    comparison$loser_webUIRequestUrl <- collapse_consensus_url_columns(loser_score_url_cols)
  }

  url_helper_cols <- intersect(paste0("webUIRequestUrl_", labels), names(comparison))
  if (length(url_helper_cols) > 0) {
    comparison <- dplyr::select(comparison, -dplyr::all_of(url_helper_cols))
  }

  dplyr::left_join(result, comparison, by = c("node", "collocate"))
}

#' @importFrom magrittr debug_pipe
#' @importFrom stringr str_detect
#' @importFrom dplyr as_tibble tibble rename filter anti_join tibble bind_rows case_when
#'
matches2FreqTable <- function(matches,
                              index = 0,
                              minOccur = 5,
                              leftContextSize = 5,
                              rightContextSize = 5,
                              ignoreCollocateCase = FALSE,
                              stopwords = c(),
                              collocateFilterRegex = "^[:alnum:]+-?[:alnum:]*$",
                              oldTable = data.frame(word = rep(NA, 1), frequency = rep(NA, 1)),
                              verbose = TRUE) {
  word <- NULL # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8096313/no-visible-binding-for-global-variable-note-in-r-cmd-check
  frequency <- NULL

  if (nrow(matches) < 1) {
    dplyr::tibble(word = c(), frequency = c())
  } else if (index == 0) {
    if (!"tokens" %in% colnames(matches) || !is.list(matches$tokens)) {
      log_info(verbose, "Outdated KorAP server: Falling back to client side tokenization.\n")
      return(snippet2FreqTable(matches$snippet, minOccur, leftContextSize, rightContextSize,
        ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
        stopwords = stopwords, oldTable = oldTable, verbose = verbose
      ))
    }
    log_info(verbose, paste("Joining", nrow(matches), "kwics\n"))
    for (i in seq_len(nrow(matches))) {
      oldTable <- matches2FreqTable(
        matches,
        i,
        leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
        rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
        collocateFilterRegex = collocateFilterRegex,
        oldTable = oldTable,
        stopwords = stopwords
      )
    }
    log_info(verbose, paste("Aggregating", length(oldTable$word), "tokens\n"))
    oldTable |>
      group_by(word) |>
      mutate(word = dplyr::case_when(ignoreCollocateCase ~ tolower(word), TRUE ~ word)) |>
      summarise(frequency = sum(frequency), .groups = "drop") |>
      arrange(desc(frequency))
  } else {
    stopwordsTable <- dplyr::tibble(word = stopwords)

    left <- tail(unlist(matches$tokens$left[index]), leftContextSize)

    #    cat(paste("left:", left, "\n", collapse=" "))

    right <- head(unlist(matches$tokens$right[index]), rightContextSize)

    #    cat(paste("right:", right, "\n", collapse=" "))

    if (length(left) + length(right) == 0) {
      oldTable
    } else {
      table(c(left, right)) |>
        dplyr::as_tibble(.name_repair = "minimal") |>
        dplyr::rename(word = 1, frequency = 2) |>
        dplyr::filter(str_detect(word, collocateFilterRegex)) |>
        dplyr::anti_join(stopwordsTable, by = "word") |>
        dplyr::bind_rows(oldTable)
    }
  }
}

#' @importFrom magrittr debug_pipe
#' @importFrom stringr str_match str_split str_detect
#' @importFrom dplyr as_tibble tibble rename filter anti_join tibble bind_rows case_when
#'
snippet2FreqTable <- function(snippet,
                              minOccur = 5,
                              leftContextSize = 5,
                              rightContextSize = 5,
                              ignoreCollocateCase = FALSE,
                              stopwords = c(),
                              tokenizeRegex = "([! )(\uc2\uab,.:?\u201e\u201c\'\"]+|&quot;)",
                              collocateFilterRegex = "^[:alnum:]+-?[:alnum:]*$",
                              oldTable = data.frame(word = rep(NA, 1), frequency = rep(NA, 1)),
                              verbose = TRUE) {
  word <- NULL # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8096313/no-visible-binding-for-global-variable-note-in-r-cmd-check
  frequency <- NULL

  if (length(snippet) < 1) {
    dplyr::tibble(word = c(), frequency = c())
  } else if (length(snippet) > 1) {
    log_info(verbose, paste("Joining", length(snippet), "kwics\n"))
    for (s in snippet) {
      oldTable <- snippet2FreqTable(
        s,
        leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
        rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
        collocateFilterRegex = collocateFilterRegex,
        oldTable = oldTable,
        stopwords = stopwords
      )
    }
    log_info(verbose, paste("Aggregating", length(oldTable$word), "tokens\n"))
    oldTable |>
      group_by(word) |>
      mutate(word = dplyr::case_when(ignoreCollocateCase ~ tolower(word), TRUE ~ word)) |>
      summarise(frequency = sum(frequency), .groups = "drop") |>
      arrange(desc(frequency))
  } else {
    stopwordsTable <- dplyr::tibble(word = stopwords)
    match <-
      str_match(
        snippet,
        '<span class="context-left">(<span class="more"></span>)?(.*[^ ]) *</span><span class="match"><mark>.*</mark></span><span class="context-right"> *([^<]*)'
      )

    left <- if (leftContextSize > 0) {
      tail(unlist(str_split(match[1, 3], tokenizeRegex)), leftContextSize)
    } else {
      ""
    }
    #    cat(paste("left:", left, "\n", collapse=" "))

    right <- if (rightContextSize > 0) {
      head(unlist(str_split(match[1, 4], tokenizeRegex)), rightContextSize)
    } else {
      ""
    }
    #    cat(paste("right:", right, "\n", collapse=" "))

    if (is.na(left[1]) || is.na(right[1]) || length(left) + length(right) == 0) {
      oldTable
    } else {
      table(c(left, right)) |>
        dplyr::as_tibble(.name_repair = "minimal") |>
        dplyr::rename(word = 1, frequency = 2) |>
        dplyr::filter(str_detect(word, collocateFilterRegex)) |>
        dplyr::anti_join(stopwordsTable, by = "word") |>
        dplyr::bind_rows(oldTable)
    }
  }
}

#' Preliminary synsemantic stopwords function
#'
#' @description
#' `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Preliminary synsemantic stopwords function to be used in collocation analysis.
#'
#' @details
#' Currently only suitable for German. See stopwords package for other languages.
#'
#' @param ... future arguments for language detection
#'
#' @family collocation analysis functions
#' @return Vector of synsemantic stopwords.
#' @export
synsemanticStopwords <- function(...) {
  base <- c(
    "der",
    "die",
    "und",
    "in",
    "den",
    "von",
    "mit",
    "das",
    "zu",
    "im",
    "ist",
    "auf",
    "sich",
    "des",
    "dem",
    "nicht",
    "ein",
    "eine",
    "es",
    "auch",
    "an",
    "als",
    "am",
    "aus",
    "bei",
    "er",
    "dass",
    "sie",
    "nach",
    "um",
    "zum",
    "noch",
    "war",
    "einen",
    "einer",
    "wie",
    "einem",
    "vor",
    "bis",
    "\u00fcber",
    "so",
    "aber",
    "diese",
    "oder"
  )

  lower <- unique(tolower(base))
  capitalized <- paste0(toupper(substr(lower, 1, 1)), substring(lower, 2))

  unique(c(lower, capitalized))
}


# #' @export
findExample <-
  function(kco,
           query,
           vc = "",
           matchOnly = TRUE) {
    out <- character(length = length(query))

    if (length(vc) < length(query)) {
      vc <- rep(vc, length(query))
    }

    for (i in seq_along(query)) {
      q <- corpusQuery(kco, paste0("(", query[i], ")"), vc = vc[i], metadataOnly = FALSE)
      if (q@totalResults > 0) {
        q <- fetchNext(q, maxFetch = 50, randomizePageOrder = F)
        example <- as.character((q@collectedMatches)$snippet[1])
        out[i] <- if (matchOnly) {
          gsub(".*<mark>(.+)</mark>.*", "\\1", example)
        } else {
          stringr::str_replace(example, "<[^>]*>", "")
        }
      } else {
        out[i] <- ""
      }
    }
    out
  }

collocatesQuery <-
  function(kco,
           query,
           vc = "",
           minOccur = 5,
           leftContextSize = 5,
           rightContextSize = 5,
           searchHitsSampleLimit = 20000,
           ignoreCollocateCase = FALSE,
           stopwords = c(),
           collocateFilterRegex = "^[:alnum:]+-?[:alnum:]*$",
           ...) {
    frequency <- NULL
    q <- corpusQuery(kco, query, vc, metadataOnly = F, ...)
    if (q@totalResults == 0) {
      tibble(word = c(), frequency = c())
    } else {
      q <- fetchNext(q, maxFetch = searchHitsSampleLimit, randomizePageOrder = TRUE)
      matches2FreqTable(q@collectedMatches,
        0,
        minOccur = minOccur,
        leftContextSize = leftContextSize,
        rightContextSize = rightContextSize,
        ignoreCollocateCase = ignoreCollocateCase,
        stopwords = stopwords,
        collocateFilterRegex = collocateFilterRegex,
        ...,
        verbose = kco@verbose
      ) |>
        mutate(frequency = frequency * q@totalResults / min(q@totalResults, searchHitsSampleLimit)) |>
        filter(frequency >= minOccur)
    }
  }